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Soemarsono. Revolusi Agustus: Kesaksian Seorang Pelaku Sejarah. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2008. This book is based on Soemarsono’s public lectures and interviews in Europe and Indonesia in 2002. A team of writers of the Indonesian exile community in Europe wrote and edited the text.

Soetanto, Himawan. Perintah Presiden Soekarno: ‘Rebut Kembali Madiun’: Siliwangi Menumpas Pemberontakan PKI/Moeso 1948. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1994.

Soetanto, Himawan. Madiun dari Republik ke Republik: Aspek Militer Pembrontakan PKI di Madiun, 1948. Jakarta: Kata, 2006.

Suratmin. Kronik Peristiwa Madiun: PKI 1948. Mantrijeron, Yogyakarta: Mata Padi Pressindo; Jagakarsa, Jakarta : Didistribusikan oleh Suka Buku, 2012.

Swift, Ann. The Road to Madiun: The Indonesian Communist Uprising of 1948. Ithaca: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1989.

Wahyudi, Sarjana Sigit. Ketika Sarbupri Mengguncang Pabrik Karung Delanggu 1948: Sebuah Studi Awal dari Pemberontakan PKI Madiun. 2001.

Conboy, Kenneth. Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-58. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1999.

Doeppers, Daniel. “An Incident in the PRRI/Permesta Rebellion of 1958.” Indonesia no. 14 (October 1972): 183-195.

Feith, Herbert and Daniel S. Lev. “The End of the Indonesian Rebellion.” Pacific Affairs 36, no. 1 (Spring 1963): 32-46.

Harvey, Barbara. Permesta: Half a Rebellion. Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1977.

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Leirissa, R.Z. Bukan Disiplin Kadaver Melainkan Disiplin Berdjiwa: Opersai2 Militer Terhadap ‘Permesta’ 1958. Jakarta: SAB, 1965.

Leirissa, R.Z. PRRI Permesta: Strategi Membangun Indonesia tanpa Komunis. Jakarta: Grafiti, 1991. Reprinted 1997.  

Mossman, James. Rebels in Paradise: Indonesia’s Civil War. London: Cape, 1961.

Onghokham. Sapta Marga Berkumandang di Sumatra: Operasi2 Menumpas Pemberontakan PRRI. Jakarta: SAB, 1965.

Smail, John. “The Military Politics of North Sumatra December 1956 to October 1957.” Indonesia no. 6 (October 1968): 128-187.

Soebadio, Hadi. Keterlibatan Australia dalam Pemberontakan PRRI/Permesta. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2002. English version: Australia’s Involvement in the PRRI/Permesta Rebellion. Jakarta: Pramita, 2005.

Bardosono, Major. Peristiwa Sulawesi Selatan. Jakarta: Jajasan Pustaka Militer, 1955.

Basri, Jusmar. GOM VI untuk Menumpas DI/TII di Djawa Tengah. Jakarta: SAB, 1965.

Gonggong, Anhar. Abdul Qahar Mudzakkar: Dari Patriot Hingga Pemberontak. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

Harahap, Zanaibun. Operasi2 Militer Menumpas Kahar Muzakar. Jakarta: SAB, 1965.

Horikoshi, Hiroko. “The Dar ul-Islam Movement in West Java (1948-62): An Experience in the Historical Process.” Indonesia no. 20 (October 1975): 59-86.

Jackson, Karl. Traditional Authority, Islam, and Rebellion: A Study of Indonesian Political Behavior. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

Mattalioe, Bahar. Kahar Muzakar dengan Petualangannja. Jakarta: Penerbit Delegasi, 1955.

van Dijk, Cornelis. Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam Movement in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981.

Citrawijaya, Supoduto. Kompi X di Rimba Siglayan: Konfrontasi dengan Malaysia. Jakarta: Kompas, 2005.

Corfield, Justin. A Bibliography of Military and Political Aspects of the Malayan Emergency, the Confrontation with Indonesia, and the Brunei Revolt. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003.

Davidson, Jamie, and Douglas Kammen. “Indonesia’s Unknown War and the Lineages of Violence in West Kalimantan.” Indonesia 73 (April 2002): 53-87.

Easter, David. Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960-1966. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.

Easter, David. “British and Malaysian Covert Support for Rebel Movements in Indonesia During the ‘Confrontation’ 1963-1966.” Intelligence and National Security 14, no.4 (Winter 1999): 195-208.

James, Harold. The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation, 1962-1966. London: Leo Cooper, 1971.

Jones, Mathew. Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia 1961-1965: Britain, the United States, and the Creation of Malaysia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Mackie, J.A.C. Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Mukmin, Hidayat. TNI dalam Politik Luar Negeri: Studi Kasus Penyelesaian Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1991.

Pinardi. Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. Jakarta: Penerbit BP Aryguna, 1964.

Pluvier, Jan. Confrontations: A Study in Indonesian Politics. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1965. 85 p.

Polomka, Peter. “Indonesian Army and Confrontation: An Inquiry into the Functions of Foreign Policy under Guided Democracy.” University of Melbourne thesis, 1969.

Poulgrain, Greg, The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia 1945-1965. London: C. Hurst and Co., 1998.

Subritzky, John. Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961-1965. New York: St. Martins Press, 2000.

Sulistiyo, Basuki. Membakar Matahari: Kisah Perdjoangan Dibawah Tanah di Daerah Malaysia Semasa Konfrontasi. Jakarta: Lami-Lami, 1966.

Sutter, John O., “Two Faces of Konfrontasi: “Crush Malaysia’ and the Gestapu.” Asian Survey 6, no. 10 (October 1966): 523-546.

Weinstein, Franklin. Indonesia Abandons Confrontation: An Inquiry into the Functions of Indonesian Foreign Policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1969.

“Selected Documents Relating to the ‘September 30th Movement’ and Its Epilogue,” Indonesia no. 1 (April 1966): 131-204.

Agustawan, Harry. 5 Tahun Melawan SAC (Subandrio, Aidit, Chaerul). Bandung: Badar, 1966.

Agustaman, H. Gestapu Red Terror in Djakarta: A Picture Story of the Killing of Six Indonesian Generals on the 30th September Coup. Singapore, 1966. 54 p.

Akasah, Badaruttaman. Subandrio Mati. Bandung: Badar, 1966.

Ali, Zainar. Rusia jang Saja Lihat dan Gestapu. Jakarta: Jajasan Lembaga Penjelidikan Islam, 1967. 63 p.

Angkatan Bersendjata. 40 Hari Kegagalan ‘G-30-S’: 1 Oktober – 10 November 1965. Jakarta: Staf Angkatan Bersendjata, 1965.

Boerhan and Soebekti. Fakta dan Latarbelakang G30S. Jakarta: Lembaga Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kebudajaan Kosgoro Djakarta, 1965.

Bung Tomo. Sesudah Madiun dan Gestapu, Lantas Apa? Jakarta: Penerbit Balapan, 1966.

Dewan Redaksi API. Harian API Mengganjang Nekolim-PKI-Gestapu. Jakarta: Merdeka Press, 1965.

Dewan Redaksi Merdeka. Masalah Pembubaran PKI. Jakarta: Merdeka Press, 1966.

Detik jang Menentukan tentang Pengchianatan Subversi dari Gerakan 30 September. Jakarta: Matoa, 1965.

Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Office of the Military Attache. Perkembangan Situasi Politik di Indonesia: Proloog dan Epiloog Gestapu/PKI. 1966. 16 p.

Fakta2 Sekitar Kup Berdarah Gestapu/PKI dari Diskusi2 Politbiro Hingga ‘Gerakan’ di Djakarta Tumpas. Jakarta, 1966. 89 p.

Hamba. Pedoman Operasi Mental untuk Mengikis Habis Mental Gestapu-P.K.I. Jakarta: Jajasan Perdjalanan Hadji Indonesia, 1966. 90 p.

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Imawan, S.J. Ia Pergi Sebagai Pahlawan Revolusi: Kisah Terror Gestapu “G.30.S” Padang: Puskopad Dam III/Sumteng, 1965. 64 p.

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Komando Operasi Tertinggi (KOTI), Rangkaian Pidato dan Pernjataan-Pernjataan Resmi Disekitar ‘Gerakan 30 September.’ Jakarta, 1965.

Notosoetardjo, H.A. Mendongkel ‘ABC Politik’ PKI. Jakarta: Api Islam, 1965.

Notosusanto, Nugroho. 40 Hari Kegagalan G-30-S. Jakarta: Staf Pertahanan Keamanan, 1966.

Nurdin A.S., M. Supardjo Direnggut Kalong. Jakarta: Varia, 1967.

Paget, Roger. “Djakarta Newspapers: Preliminary Comments,” Indonesia no. 4 (October 1967): 211-226.

Pusat Penerangan Angkatan Darat. Fakta-fakta Persoalan Sekitar ‘Gerakan 30 September,’ Penerbitan Chusus. Nos. 1-3. Jakarta, October to December, 1965.

Sidin, A.D. Fitnah, Infiltrasi, Kudeta, Teror Gestapu PKI dari Masa ke Masa. Jakarta: Harris, 1966.

Soebekti. Hari-Hari Terakhir Aidit. Yogyakarta: Kedaulatan Rakjat, 1966. 98 p.

Soeharto. Setahun Penghianatan GESTAPU/PKI, Setahun Lobang Buaya. Jakarta: Jajasan Lembaga Penjelidikan Islam, 1966.

Sumantri, Iwa Kusuma. Pokok2 Ilmu Politik dan Ringkasan Pemberontakan Gestapu/P.K.I. Jakarta, 1966.

Susilomurti and S. Etjip, Teror Subuh: Fakta-Fakta Penghianatan G30S/PKI. Jakarta: Jajasan Dharma Sedjahtera, 1966.

Sutjipto, Brigadier Djenderal. Gerakan 30 September. Jakarta: Matoa, c. 1966.

Tjondronegoro, Dharmawan. Ledakan Fitnah Subversi G-30-S. Jakarta: Matoa, 1966.

Atmowiloto, Arswendo. Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1986. This book describes itself as a “novelization” of the film of the same name. The film, directed by Arifin C. Noer, was released in 1984.

Brackman, Arnold. The Communist Collapse in Indonesia. New York: Norton, 1969.

Brackman, Arnold. Indonesia: The Gestapu Affair. New York: American-Asian Educational Exchange, 1969. 46 p.

Central Intelligence Agency, Indonesia – 1965: The Coup that Backfired (Washington: CIA, 1968). This report can be downloaded for free: http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/ESAU/esau-40.pdf The author of this study later identified herself and published the work under her own name, despite the fact that her report was already publicly available online: Helen Louise Hunter, Sukarno and the Indonesian Coup: The Untold Story. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007.

Dake, Antonie C.A. In the Spirit of the Red Banteng: Indonesian Communism between Moscow and Peking 1959-1965. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.

Dake, Antonie C.A. The Sukarno File, 1965-67: Chronology of a Defeat. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Dinas Sejarah Militer Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Mewaspadai Pengkhianatan Partai Komunis di Indonesia: Kumpulan Artikel Pemberontakan PKI dan Operasi Penumpasannya. Bandung: Dinas Sejarah, Angkatan Darat, 2010.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Cuplikan Sejarah Perjuangan TNI-Angkatan Darat. Bandung: Mahjuma, 1972.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, Lukisan Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dan Penumpasannya. Bandung, 1980.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dan Penumpasannya. Bandung, 1982.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Komunisme dan Kegiatannya di Indonesia. Jakarta, 1982.

Dinuth, Alex. Dokumen Terpilih Sekitar G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1997.

Dinuth, Alex. Kewaspadaan Nasional dan Bahaya Laten Komunis. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1997.

Dipodisastro, Soemarno, ed. Kesaksian Sukitman: Penemu Sumur Lubang Buaya. Jakarta: Yayasan Sukitman, 2006.

Djanwar. Mengungkap Pengkhianatan/Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dalam Rangka Mengamankan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Bandung: Yrama, 1986.

Fauzan, Firos. Civil War ala PKI, 1965: Menyingkap Dewan Revolusi PKI. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Accelerate Foundation, 2011.

Fauzan, Firos. Pengkhianatan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Hari Duka Nasional 1 October 1965. Jakarta: Bhuana Ilmu Populer: 2009.

Fauzan, H. Firos. Pengkhianatan Biro Khusus PKI: Pelurusan Sejarah Tragedi Nasional 1 Oktober 1965. 6th ed. 2009.

Fic, Victor M. Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: October 1, 1965: The Collusion with China which Destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 2004.

Giebels, Lambert J. De Stille Genocide: De Fatale Gebeurtenissen Rond de Val de Indonesische President Soekarno. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2005. Translated into Indonesian as: Pembantaian yang Ditutup-tutupi: Peristiwa Fatal di Sekitar Kejatuhan Bung Karno. Jakarta: Grasindo, 2005. Despite the title, this book contains little information about the mass killings, even less that is correct, and none that is new. The book is the final volume of the author’s three-volume biography of President Sukarno. All the claims in this book are unreferenced.

Hakekat Pembangunan Monumen Pancasila Sakti. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1982.

Islamic Research Institute. Sepuluh tahun Lubang Buaya: Pemberontakan P.K.I. N.p.: Islamic Research Institute, 1976.

Karni, Rahadi S., ed. and trans. The Devious Dalang: Sukarno and the so-called Untung Putsch; Eye-witness Report by Bambang S. Widjanarko. The Hague: Interdoc, 1974. Kardi, a librarian in the Netherlands, seems to have done the translation of this document at the request of A.C.A. Dake, who wrote the introduction to the book. Dake has made extensive use of this document in his own writings. The document is fraudulent. It is a transcript of an interrogation written by the Indonesian military. Bambang S. Widjanarko, succumbed to military pressure to sign it but later published his own book which presented a completely different story: Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno (Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988).

Kasdi, Aminuddin, and G. Ambar Wulan. G.30.S PKI/1965: Bedah Ceasar Dewan Revolusi Indonesia. Surabaya: Java Pustaka Media Utama, 2005.

Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban (Kopkamtib). Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia: G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta, 1978.

Komando Operasi Tertinggi (KOTI). Seksi Penerangan. Tjatatan Kronologis Disekitar Peristiwa “Gerakan 30 September.” October 22, 1965.

Kopkamtib, Team Pemeriksa Pusat. Partai Komunis Indonesia dan G.30.S/PKI. April 1969.

Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional. Bahan-Bahan Pokok G30S/PKI dan Penghancurannya. March 1969.

Lembaga Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Kemasyarakatan (LSIK). Rangkaian Peristiwa Pemberontakan Kommunis di Indonesia 1926-1948-1965. Jakarta: LSIK, 1983.

Manafe, Aco. Teperpu Mengungkap Pengkhianatan PKI Pada Tahun 1965 dan Proses Hukum Bagi Para Pelakunya. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 2007.

Markas Besar ABRI, Pusat Sejarah dan Tradisi ABRI, Bahaya Laten Komunisme di Indonesia. 4 vols. Jakarta, 1994. Vol. 1: Perkembangan Gerakan dan Pengkhianatan Komunisme di Indonesia (1913-1948); vol. 2: Penumpasan Pemberontakan PKI (1948); vol. 3: Konsolidasi dan Infiltrasi PKI (1950-59); vol. 4, part A: Ofensif-ofensif Manipolis dan Revolusioner PKI sampai Pecahnya Pemberontakan G-30-S/PKI dan Penumpasannya (1959-65), part B: Penumpasan Sisa-Sisa Komunisme dalam Segala Bentuk dan Manifestasinya (1966-90).

Nasution, A.H. Pengalaman Sekitar Peristiwa 30 September 1965. Yogyakarta: Gema, c. 1980. 20 p.

Noer, Moch. Mengenang & Menyelusuri Lubang Buaya di Dusun Cemetuk, Desa Cluring Yang Menelan Korban Manusia Sebanyak 62 Orang Oleh Kebiadaban PKI/BTI tahun 1965 : peristiwa yang tidak boleh dilupakan!!! Banyuwangi: Public Policy Institute, 2011.

Notosusanto, Nugroho and Ismail Saleh. The Coup Attempt of the ‘September 30 Movement’ in Indonesia. Jakarta: Pemimbing, 1968. Indonesian translation: Tragedi Nasional: Percobaan Kup G 30 S/PKI di Indonesia. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1989.

Pizzicaro, John T. “The 30 September Movement in Indonesia.” Studies in Intelligence 13, no. 4 (Fall 1969). This article was declassified by the CIA in 2005.

Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened and Nugroho Notosusanto. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia, vol. VI. Jakarta: Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, PN Balai Pustaka, 1974; fifth reprint 1986: pp. 387-415.

Samsudin. Mengapa G30S/PKI Gagal? Suatu Analisis. Jakarta: Obor, 2004. The author is a retired Major General of the Indonesian army.

Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Gerakan 30 September: Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia. Latar Belakang, Aksi, dan Penumpasannya. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1994.

Siswoyo, P. Bambang. Bung Karno Dalang G.30.S/PKI? Solo: Mayasari, 1988. 80 p.

Siswoyo, P. Bambang. Menelusuri Peran Bung Karno dalam G30S-PKI. Jakarta: Mayasari, 1989. 192 p.

Soerojo, Soegiarso. Siapa Menabur Angin Akan Menuai Badai. Jakarta: Antar Kota, 1989.

Soewargana, Oejeng. Kegagalan Coup “G-30-S.” Bandung: n.p. 1969.

State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. The September 30th Movement: The Attempted Coup by the Indonesian Communist Party: Its Background, Actions, and Eradication. Jakarta, 1994. Indonesian version published as: Gerakan 30 September: Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi, dan Penumpasannya. Jakarta, 1994.

Subroto, Hendro. Dewan Revolusi PKI: Menguak Kegagalannya Mengkomuniskan Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 2007.  

Sumarkidjo, Atmadji. Mendung di Atas Istana Merdeka. Jakarta: Times Communications and Sinar Harapan, 2000.

Tabah, Anton. ed. Dua Jenderal Besar Bicara tentang Gestapu/PKI. Klaten: Sahabat, 1999.

Tim Cidesindo. Membuka Lipatan Sejarah: Menguak Fakta Gerakan PKI. Jakarta: Pustaka Cidesindo, 1999.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Gestapu in Indonesia.” Orbis 10 (Summer 1966): 458-487.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Interpretations of the 1965 Indonesian Coup: A Review of the Literature.” Pacific Affairs 43, no. 4 (Winter 1970-1971): 557-577.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Origin of the 1965 Coup in Indonesia: Probabilities and Alternatives.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3, no. 2 (1972).

There were five men at the core of the September 30th Movement: Sjam, Pono, Lt. Col. Untung, Col. Latief, and Maj. Suyono. All were captured alive, at different times, and put on trial. None issued any statements other than those they provided in court either as defendents in their own trials or as witnesses at the trials of others. All except Latief were later executed.

Excerpts of Sjam’s testimony during his first appearance in court, as a witness in a 1967 trial, have been published in: John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s Coup d’Etat in Indonesia (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006). Sjam’s original Indonesian-language statements appear in the Indonesian translation of the book: Dalih Pembunuhan Massal: Gerakan 30 September dan Kudeta Suharto (Jakarta: ISSI and Hasta Mistra, 2008).

Latief was put on trial in 1978. His defense statement (pledoi or eksepsi) was first published in Amsterdam by Komitee Indonesië in 1978. Tapol Bulletin provided an early English-language description of its contents: “Colonel Latief 's Defense,” Tapol Bulletin no. 35 (August 1979). The text was published in Indonesia after Suharto’s fall: Kolonel Abdul Latief. Pledoi Kol. A. Latief, Soeharto Terlibat G30S (Jakarta. Insitut Studi Arus Informasi, 2000). An English language excerpt is: “I, the Accused.” Translated by Tim Behrend. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 193-198. Latief was interviewed after his release from prison: “Kol. A. Latief: Kami Harus Bertanggung Jawab,” Tempo (12 Oktober 1998).

The person closest to the core group on the day of the action (October 1) was Brig. Gen. M.S. Supardjo. He was the core group’s emissary to Presiden Sukarno. He wrote a criticism of the movement before he was captured in January 1967. The original Indonesian-language version of that document appears in John Roosa, Dalih Pembunuhan Massal. The English translation appears in John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder.

An Air Force officer who accompanied Supardjo on the day of the action was Lt. Col. Heru Atmodjo. The core group named him in its radio broadcasts as Vice Commander of the September 30th Movement although his actual involvement in the movement appears to have been tangential. He survived imprisonment and was released in 1980. He has provided his version of events in: Garda Sembiring and Harsono Sutedjo, eds. Gerakan 30 September: Kesaksian Letkol (Pnb) Heru Atmodjo (Jakarta: PEC, 2004). An Indonesian writer living in Singapore has written an English-language account of Atmodjo’s story: May Swan, Fragranced Deception (Bandung: Ultimus, 2007).

One of the low-level participants in the September 30th Movement was Sergeant-Major Bungkus of the palace guard. He was involved in the abduction of Maj. Gen. M.T. Haryono. He was released from prison with Latief in 1998. He has given interviews to journalists and scholars: Benedict Anderson. “The World of Sergeant-Major Bungkus: Two Interviews with Benedict Anderson and Arief Djati.” Indonesia no. 78 (October 2004): 1-60. Bungkus was also interviewed after his release from prison by the now-defunct magazine D&R, “Wawancara Serma Boengkoes: Tahu-Tahu Jenderal yang Masih Hidup Digandeng,” (12-17 April 1999), and by the newspaper Kompas: “Saya Menyesal Mayjen M.T. Haryono Tertembak,” (30 Maret 1999).

One PKI leader who accompanied D.N. Aidit at Halim airbase, and was thus in touch with the core group on the day of the action, was Iskander Subekti. He was the secretary of the Politburo. His defense plea at his trial in December 1972 has not been published but it was privately circulated at the time. It has entered the collections of some libraries. Iskander Subekti Yusuf, “Jalan Pembebasan Rakyat Indonesia” (Jakarta, 1972). In the late 1980s, while being held in Cipinang prison, he wrote a series of short essays about PKI history meant to be read only by other surviving party members. These were smuggled out of prison a page at a time. One collection of these essays is held at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Most of the core leadership of the PKI was summarily and secretly executed in late 1965: Aidit, Lukman, Njoto, and Sakirman. All four disappeared after being captured by the army. The one key leader who survived was Sudisman, the General Secretary. He wasn’t captured until December 1966. His statements during and after his trial are important documents. He admitted to being in some vague way “involved” in the September 30th Movement. He called his defense plea at his trial in 1967 Uraian Tanggungjawab. This Indonesian text is available online: http://www.marxists.org/indonesia/ indones/sudisman.html Benedict Anderson translated this document into English: Analysis of Responsibility (Melbourne: The Works Cooperative, 1975). Sudisman also wrote a document before his execution in 1968. This document has been published in combination with his defense plea: Pleidoi Sudisman dan Statement Politiknya Menyongsong Eksekusi (Jakarta: Pustaka Pena, 2001).

The key witness to the movement was President Sukarno. His statements about it are contained in the speeches that he delivered over the subsequent two years. These speeches have been compiled in: Setiyono, Budi, and Bonnie Triyana, eds. Revolusi Belum Selesai: Kumpulan Pidato Presiden Sukarno 30 September 1965 – Pelengkap Nawaksara, 2 vols. (Semarang: MESIASS, 2003). His statements about the movement have been collected in one book: Kumpulan Pernyataan Bung Karno tentang Gerakan 30 September: Benarkan Gerakan 30 September Didalangi Bung Karno? (Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2006).

The next witnesses to look at are the people who were with Sukarno at some point on the day of the action. The commander of the presidential bodyguard, Lt. Col. Mangil Martowidjojo, has published his memoir: Kesaksian tentang Bung Karno 1945-1967 (Jakarta: Grasindo, 1999). The vice-commander of the palace guard (Cakrabirawa), Maulwi Saelan, has also published a memoir: Dari Revolusi ’45 Sampai Kudeta ’66 (Jakarta: Yayasan Hak Bangsa, 2001). Sukarno’s adjutant, Bambang Widjanarko, published his memoir when Suharto was still in power: Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno (Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988: see especially pages 166-186).

Another key witness was the commander of the Air Force, Omar Dani. He was at Halim airbase on the day of the action and witnessed the discussions between Sukarno and Supardjo. His defense plea at his trial and a lengthy interview with him have been published as: B.A. Surodjo and J.M.V. Soeparno, Tuhan Pergunakanlah Hati, Pikiran dan Tanganku: Pledoi Omar Dani (Jakarta: Institut Studi Arus Informasi, 2002).

Sukarno’s first deputy prime minister, the number two man in the government after the president, Soebandrio, did not witness the movement. He was not in Jakarta on the day of the action. But he has some definite ideas about it in his memoir: Kesaksianku, which was published by a variety of groups in 2001 once the publisher, Gramedia, decided against releasing the book. The book contains little reliable information. A more recent book might be different: Yang Saya Alami Peristiwa G30S: Sebelum, Saat Meletus dan Sesudahnya (Jakarta: Bumi Intitama Sejahtera, 2006).

The head of the Indonesian journalists association (PWI) in 1965, A. Karim D.P., was privy to a lot of information about high politics in Jakarta. He has analyzed the movement in “Tiga Faktor Penyebab G30S,” a lecture in Jakarta at PAKORBA seminar, 25 October 1999.

A useful book is: Surya Lesmana, ed. Saksi dan Pelaku Gestapu: Pengakuan Para Saksi dan Pelaku Sejarah Gerakan 30 September 1965 (Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2005). It is a collection of short statements by 23 different people: eye-witnesses (e.g. Saelan, Herlambang), participants in the movement (e.g. Bungkus and Latief), and military officers who sided with Suharto (e.g. Nasution, Tahir).   

Anwar, H. Rosihan, et al. eds. Kemal Idris: Bertarung dalam Revolusi. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1996.

Hisyam, Usamah, et al. Feisal Tanjung: Terbaik untuk Rakyat Terbaik bagi ABRI. Jakarta: Yayasan Dharmapena Nusantara, 1999. Feisal Tanjung, later one of Suharto’s right-hand men, was a soldier in the special forces during the attacks on the PKI in 1965-66.   

Nasution, A.H. Memenuhi Panggilan Tugas, vol. 6: Masa Kebangkitan Orde Baru. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1987.

Pandjaitan, Marieke. D.I. Pandjaitan, Pahlawan Revolusi Gugur dalam Seragam Kebesaran: Biografi. Seperti dituturkan kepada dan dituliskan oleh Ramadhan K.H. dan Sugiarta Sriwibawa. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1997.

Pour, Julius. Benny Moerdani: Profile of a Soldier Statesman. Jakarta: Yayasan Kejuangan Sudirman, 1993.

Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. Jakarta: Kata Hasta Pustaka, 2007.

Ramadhan, K.H. ed. Soemitro, Mantan Pangkopkamtip:Dari Pangdam Mulawarman sampai Pangkopkamtib. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1994. This book was translated into English with a pompous title: Soemitro, Former Commander of Indonesian Security Apparatus:Best Selling Memoirs. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1996.

Reksosamodra, Pranoto. Catatan Jenderal Pranoto Reksosamodra: Dari RTM Boedi Oetomo Sampai Nirbaya. Edited by Imelda Bachtiar. Kompas, 2014.

Reksosamodra, Mayor Jenderal Raden Pranoto. Memoar. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2002. Pranoto was a senior army general in the army’s commander’s staff in Jakarta. Sukarno appointed him to be interim commander of the army on October 1, 1965 in the absence of Yani. Suharto rejected Sukarno’s appointment of Pranoto and continued as army commander.

Soeharto. Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya: Otobiografi seperti Dipaparkan kepada G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1988.  English translation: My Thoughts, Words and Deeds: An Autobiography as Told to G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. trans. Sumadi. Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1991.

Subantardjo, M. Riwayat Hidup dan Perjuangan Let. Jend. Anumerta M.T. Haryono. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1979. 43 p. Another version was issued later: Letnan Jenderal M.T. Haryono. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1984. 71 p.

Sugama, Yoga. Memori Jenderal Yoga. Jakarta: Bina Rena Pariwara, 1990.

Sutojo, Nani Nurrachman. Kenangan Tak Terucap: Saya, Ayah, dan Tragedi 1965. Kompas, 2013.

Sutrisno, Drs. Biografi Pahlawan Revolusi Letnan Jenderal Anumerta Siswondo Parman. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayan, 1980.

Wirahadikusumah, Umar. Dari Peristiwa ke Peristiwa. Jakarta: Yayasan Kesejahteraan Jayakarta, 1983. Also see the biography: Herry Gendut Janarto, Umar Wirahadikusumah: Menegakkan Kebenaran dalam Diam. Malang: Pustaka Kayutangan, 2005.

Yani, Amelia. Profil Seorang Prajurit TNI. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1988. The author is the daughter of General Ahmad Yani. She herself translated the book into English: Profile of a Soldier. Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1990.

Yani, Ibu A. Ahmad Yani: Sebuah Kenang-Kenangan. Jakarta, 1981. The author was Yani’s wife.

The Indonesian army, as it consolidated its control over the state in early 1966, organized show trials of its political opponents. The trials were in a military court (where all the judges and prosecutors were military personnel) – indeed, an “extraordinary” (luar biasa) military court where the rules were even looser than a regular military court. The name of the court was Mahmillub (Mahkamah Militer Luar Biasa), frequently spelled now with just one ‘l’: Mahmilub. The army published the transcripts of the first two Mahmilub trials: the first, of a communist party leader, Njono, whose trial was in February 1966, and the second, of the nominal leader of the September 30th Movement, Untung.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub 1. Perkara Njono. Djakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman A.D., not dated, 1966.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub di Djakarta 2. Perkara Untung. Djakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman AD, 1966.

The army then published in the same series (titled “The September 30th Movement Put Before the Extraordinary Military Court”) the trial transcript of President Sukarno’s First Deputy Prime Minister, Subandrio, who did not participate in the September 30th Movement. He was accused only of helping create the conditions that led to the PKI’s “treasonous” action. With his trial, it was clear that Suharto’s army was targeting Sukarno loyalists.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub 3. Perkara Subandrio, two volumes. Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman AD, 1966.

The same transcript of the Subandrio case was the basis for another book:

Let. Kol. Ali Said and Let Kol. Durmawel Ahmad. Sangkur Adil, Pengupas Fitnah Chianat. Jakarta: Ethika, 1967.

Subandrio’s lawyer was Yap Thiam Hien. Yap’s concluding statement at the trial on behalf of his client is an excellent critique of Mahmilub procedures:

“Pembelaan (Pledooi) Dr. Soebandrio: Pledoi Pembela Kedua, 17 October 1966.” In Daniel Hutagalung, ed. Yap Thiam Hien: Negara, HAM dan Demokrasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, 1998): 213-236.

Before the trials began, the army’s legal experts wrote up a guidebook to the laws that could be used to try the perpetrators of the September 30th Movement: 

Departemen Angkatan Darat, Inspektorat Kehakiman. Himpunan Penetapan-Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia dan Peraturan-Peraturan Lainnja untuk Pedoman Penjelesaian dalam Bidang Justisionil Peristiwa “Gerakan 30 September.” Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman Angkatan Darat, 1965.

Sukarno’s minister in charge of the central bank, Jusuf Muda Dalam, was not put on trial in the Mahmilub. Suharto, as Kopkamtib commander, ordered the Attorney General’s office to handle his case. The Attorney General (Jaksa Agung) put the case through the existing Special State Court of Jakarta while renaming that court, for the purposes of this case, the Court of Subversion (Peradilan Subversi). Muda Dalam was charged with extending credit to import firms that did not pay back the money. The court called that practice “subversion.” The Suharto regime alleged outside of court that he had been working for the PKI to create a revolutionary situation that climaxed in the September 30th Movement. The Attourney General’s office later published the trial transcript:

Proses Jusuf Muda Dalam Jakarta: Kejaksaan Agung Bidang Khusus, 1967.

The Department of Foreign Affairs published a short book about the Mahmilub trial of Sjam.

Proses Pengadilan Mahmillub: Otak Penggerak Pelaksana Peristiwa ‘Gerakan 30 September/PKI.’ Jakarta: Seksi Dokumentasi, Deplu, 1968.

An independent anti-PKI author published a book about the first two Mahmilub trials for Njono and Untung.

Harris Muda Nasution. Hukum Mati Njono, Untung: Mahmillub ke-1, Pengadilan Gembong2 Gestapu-PKI. Jakarta: Harris, 1966.

Many other trial transcripts remain unpublished yet available in various libraries and archives. Cornell University Library, for instance, has the transcripts for the trials of Omar Dani, commander of the air force (1966), Moeljono Soerjowardojo, an army major in Yogyakarta (1966), Brig. Gen. M.S. Supardjo (1967), Utomo Ramelan, the mayor of Solo (1967), Tamuri Hidayat, a private in Bali (1967), Sjam (1968), and Abdullah Alihamy, a PKI leader in Riau (1970).

Anderson, Benedict, and McVey, Ruth. A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project, 1971.

Anderson, Benedict, and McVey, Ruth. “What happened in Indonesia?,” New York Review of Books (1 June 1978).

Anderson, Benedict. “How did the Generals Die?” Indonesia no. 43 (April 1987): 109-134.

Anderson, Benedict. “Tentang Pembunuhan Massal ’65.’” Interview with Ben Abel distributed on the Apakabar email list, September 24, 1996.

Anderson, Benedict. “Scholarship and Raison d’État: Personal Experience” Indonesia no. 62 (October 1996): 1-18.

Anderson, Benedict. “Petrus Dadi Ratu.” New Left Review 3 (May/June 2000): 5-15.

Adam, Asvi Warman. “Beberapa Catatan Tentang Historiografi Gerakan 30 September 1965.” Archipel 95 (2018): 11-30.

Bass, Jerome. “The PKI and the Attempted Coup.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (March 1970): 96-105.

Beise, Kerstin. Apakah Soekarno Terlibat Peristiwa G30S? Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

Brands, H.W. “The Limits of Manipulation: How the United States Didn’t Topple Sukarno.” The Journal of American History 76, no. 3 (December 1989): 785-808.

Bunnell, Frederick. “American ‘Low Posture’ Policy toward Indonesia in the Months Leading to the 1965 Coup” Indonesia, no. 50 (October 1990): 29-60.

Center for Information Analysis. Gerakan 30 September: Antara Fakta dan Rekayasa. Yogyakarta: Center for Information Analysis, 1999.

Crouch, Harold. “Another Look at the Indonesian ‘Coup.’” Indonesia no. 15 (April 1973): 1-20.

Djakababa, Yosef M. “The Construction of History under Indonesia’s New Order: the Making of the Lubang Buaya Official Narrative.” Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2010), 143-149.

Djakababa, Yosef. “The Initial Purging Policies after the 1965 Incident at Lubang Buaya.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 3 (2013), 22-36.

Djarot, Eros, ed. Siapa Sebenarnya Soeharto: Fakta dan Kesaksian para Pelaku Sejarah G-30-S/PKI. Jakarta: Mediakita, 2006.

Dommen, Arthur. “The Attempted Coup in Indonesia.” China Quarterly no. 25 (January-March 1966): 144-170.

Gunawan, Basuki. Kudeta, Staaatsgreep in Djakarta, de Achtergronden van de 30 September-Beweging in Indonesie. Meppel: Boom, 1968.

Hadi, Syamsu. And Eddi Elison, eds. Bung Karno Difitnah. Jakarta: Yayasan Bung Karno, 2006. A collection of essays criticizing the book Antonie Dake, The Sukarno File.

Harsutejo. G-30-S: Sejarah yang Digelapkan. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2003.

Hindley, Donald. “Political Power and the October 1965 Coup in Indonesia.” The Journal of Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (February 1967): 237-249.

Holtzappel, C. “The 30 September Movement: A Political Movement of the Armed Forces or an Intelligence Operation?” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 216-240.

Katoppo, Aristides, ed. Menyingkap Kabut Halim 1965. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1999.

Lev, Daniel. “Indonesia 1965: The Year of the Coup.” Asian Survey 6, no. 2 (February 1966): 103-110.

Luhulima, James. Menyingkap Dua Hari Tergelap di Tahun 1965: Melihat Peristiwa G30S dari Perspektif Lain. Jakarta: Kompas, 2006.

Matsuno, Akihisa. “The 30 September Movement and Its Aftermath in Bali, October - December 1965.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics, and Legacies, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 71-88. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Onghokham. “Refleksi Tentang Peristiwa G-30-S (Gestok) 1965 dan Akibat-Akibatnya.” Jurnal Sejarah (2000), https://19651966perpustakaanonline.wordpress.com/2020/03/24/kesaksian-ong-hok-ham-tentang-kekacauan-politik-dan-pembunuhan-massal-1965-1966/

Pauker, Guy. “The Gestapu Affair of 1965,” Southeast Asia: An International Journal 1, nos. 1-2 (1971).

Rey, Lucien. “Dossier of the Indonesian Drama.” New Left Review 36 (March-April 1966): 26-40. This article includes a translation of an interview with Njoto conducted by Japanese journalists in late 1965.

Roosa, John. “President Sukarno and the September 30th Movement.” Critical Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2008): 143-159.

Roosa, John. Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s Coup d’État in Indonesia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Indonesian translation: Dalih Pembunuhan Massal: Gerakan Tiga Puluh September dan Kudeta Suharto. Jakarta: ISSI dan Hasta Mitra, 2008.  

Roosa, John. “The September 30th Movement: The Aporias of the Official Narratives.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katharine McGregor, 25-49. NUS Press, 2012.

Salim, Agus. Tragedi Fajar: Perseteruan Tentara-PKI dan Peristiwa G30S. Bandung: Nuansa Cendekia, 2009.

Scott, Peter Dale. “The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-67.” Pacific Affairs 58, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 239-264.

Sophiaan, Manai. Kehormatan Bagi Yang Berhak: Bung Karno Tidak Terlibat G30S/PKI. Jakarta: Yayasan Mencerdaskan Kehidupan Bangsa, 1994.

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. “Lubang Buaya: Mitos dan Kontra-Mitos.” Sintesis 6, no. 1 (March 2008), 14-39. https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/sintesis/article/view/2709

Utrecht, Ernst. “An Attempt to Corrupt Indonesian History.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 5, no. 1 (1975): 99-102. A critique of Dake’s arguments.

Weatherbee, Donald. “Interpretations of ‘Gestapu’: The 1965 Indonesian Coup.” World Affairs 132, no. 4 (1970).

Wertheim, W.F. “Indonesia Before and After the Untung Coup.” Pacific Affairs 39, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1966): 115-127.

Wertheim, W.F. “Suharto and the Untung Coup – The Missing Link.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 1, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 50-57.

Wertheim, W.F. “Whose Plot? – New Light on the 1965 Events.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 197-215.

Wertheim, W.F. “Sejarah Tahun 1965 Yang Tersumbunyi.” Arah, no. 1 (1990).

Wertheim, W.F. “Indonesia’s Hidden History.” In Pramoedya Ananta Toer 70 Tahun: Essays to Honour Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s 70th Year, edited by Bob Hering. N.p.: Yayasan Kabar Seberang, 1995.

Zhou, Taomo. “China and the Thirtieth of September Movement.” Indonesia 98 (October 2014), 29-58.

“Laporan tentang Hasil Fact Finding Commission KOTI.” Issued January 10, 1966. President Sukarno, in a meeting of the Supreme Operations Command (Komando Operasi Tertinggi) on December 23, 1965, ordered an investigation into the mass arrests and mass murders in Central Java, East Java, Bali, and North Sumatra. A commission was formed with the Minister of the Interior, Major General Soemarno Soeroatmodjo, as its head. The nine members of the commission spent a little more than a week conducting their investigations (December 27, 1965-January 6, 1966) and then spent only 3-4 days writing the report. The brief report has never been made public but copies have privately circulated. The report provides the entirely unreliable figures of 78,500 people killed and 106,000 people imprisoned.

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Instruksi Presiden/Pangti ABRI/KOTI No. 22/KOTI/1965—Kepada Kompartimen2/Departemen2, Badan2/Lembaga2 Pemerintah—Untuk Laksanakan Penertiban/Pembersihan Personil Sipil dari Oknum “Gerakan 30 September.” Signed on president’s behalf by Soeharto (Kepala Staf Komando Operasi Tertinggi/Panglima Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban), November 15, 1965.

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Instruksi Presiden 09/KOGAM/1966.

“Report from East Java.” Trans. Benedict Anderson. Indonesia no. 41 (April 1986): 135-149.

Contenay, Jean. “Another Bloodbath?” Far Eastern Economic Review. 23 November 1967; and “Heritage of Blood,” Far Eastern Economic Review. 14 December 1967.

Dodd, Tim. “What Lies Beneath.” The Australian Financial Review Magazine (November 2001), pp. 34-42. The Economist. “One Million Dead?” and “And How They Died.” 20 August 1966.

Hughes, John. Indonesian Upheaval. New York: McKay, 1967. Republished as: The End of Sukarno. Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2002.

“Indonesia: Vengeance with a Smile.” Time, July 15, 1966, 22-26.

King, Seth S. “The Great Purge in Indonesia.” New York Times Magazine. 8 May 1966.

Kirk, Donald. “Bali Exorcises an Evil Spirit.” Reporter, December 15, 1966, 42-53.

Mellor, Bridget. “Political Killings in Indonesia,” New Statesman. 5 August 1966.

Moser, Don. “Where the rivers ran crimson from butchery.” Life. 1 July 1966.

Reston, James. “A Gleam of Light in Asia.” New York Times, June 19, 1966.

Sutton, Horace. “Indonesia’s Night of Terror.” Saturday Review. 4 February 1967.

Topping, Seymour. “Slaughter of Reds Gives Indonesia a Grim Legacy.” New York Times. 24 August 1966.

Anonymous. “Additional Data on Counter-Revolutionary Cruelty in Indonesia, Especially in East Java.” In The Indonesian Killings, 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, edited by Robert Cribb, 169-176. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

Djie Siang Lan (Lani Anggawati). Di Dalam Derita Manusia Membaja. 2nd ed. Wisma Sambodhi, 2004.

Kolimon, Mery, Liliya Wetangterah, and Karen Campbell-Nelson, eds. Forbidden Memories: Women’s Experiences of 1965 in Eastern Indonesia. Translated by Jennifer Lindsay. Monash University, 2015.

Kurniawan, Budi. And Yani Andriansyah. Menolak Menyerah: Menyingkap Tabir Keluarga Aidit. Yogyakarta: Era Publisher, 2005.

Marching, Soe Tjen. The End of Silence: Accounts of the 1965 Genocide in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.

Miryanti, Ratih. “Kesaksian Wartawan Antara Atas Tragedi 1965." September 23, 2006. https://langitkata.blogspot.com/2011/05/ratih-miryanti-kesaksian-wartawan.html.

Nadia, Ita F. Suara Perempuan Korban Tragedi ‘65. 3rd ed. Galang Press, 2009.

Nyoman Wijaya. Biografi Si Penggembala Itik: John Ketut Pantja: Pengalaman dan Pemikiran. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2001. The subject of this biography, John Ketut Pantja, is the younger brother of a leader of the PKI in Bali, Wayan Serata, who was killed in 1965. Information about Serata appears on pp. 148-151.

Pohlman, Annie. “I’m Still Here.” Inside Indonesia, Edition 99, 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/im-still-here

Sukanta, Putu Oka, ed. Sulawesi Beraksi. Lembaga Kreatifitas Kemanusiaan, 2013.

Wardaya, Baskara T, ed. Jennifer Lindsey, trans. Truth Will Out: Indonesian Accounts of the 1965 Mass Violence. Clayton: Monash University Publishing, 2013.

Anon, “By the Banks of the Brantas”, appendix A of Human Rights Watch, Injustice, Persecution, Eviction: A Human Rights Update on Indonesia and East Timor (New York, 1990). Reprinted in Samuel Totten, W.S. Parsons, I.W. Charney, eds., A Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. London: Routledge, 2004.

Rochijat, Pipit. “Saya PKI atau Bukan PKI?” Majalah Gotong Royong. Berlin, Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia (April 1984). English translation: “Am I PKI or non-PKI?” Trans. Benedict Anderson. Indonesia no. 41 (April 1986): 37-56.

Soe Hok Gie. Zaman Peralihan. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya, 1995.

Dinas Sejarah TNI-AD. “Crushing the G30S/PKI in Central Java.” In The Indonesian Killings , 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, edited by Robert Cribb, 159-167. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

“Liputan Khusus: Pengakuan Algojo 1965.” Tempo, October 1-7, 2012.

Santosa, Irkham. Makmun Murod: Sebagai Prajurit Pejuang. Dinas Sejarah Angkatan Darat, 2014.

Subroto, Hendro. Sintong Panjaitan: Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando. Kompas, 2009.

Sunyoto, Agus, et al. Banser Berjihad Menumpas PKI. Tulungagung: Pesulukan Thoriqoh Agung, 1996.

Tri Chandra AP. “Banser Antara Perebutan dalam Ketidakpastian dan Kekerasan Politik 1965-1966.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 121-138.

Wajidi, Farid. “Syarikat dan Eksperimentasi Rekonsiliasi Kulturalnya: Sebuah Pengamatan Awal.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 55-79.

Wilis, Abdul Hamid. Aku Jadi Komandan Banser, Barisan Ansor Serbaguna: Membela Pancasila, Menumpas G-30-S/PKI. Surodakan, Sumberingin, Trenggalek: Public Policy Institute, 2011.

Zakaria, Fathurrahman. Geger Gerakan 30 September 1965, Rakyat NTB Melawan Bahaya Merah. Mataram: Sumurmas, 1997; 2nd printing 2001.

Aleida, Martin. “Malam Kelabu.” Horison 5, no. 2 (Februari 1970).

Aveling, Harry, ed. and trans., Gestapu: Indonesia Short Stories on the Abortive Communist Coup of 30th September 1965 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii southeast Asian Studies Working Paper no. 6, 1975). All of the short stories in this collection, with the exception of the one written by Martin Aleida, represent the work of the anti-communist writers of Horison and Sastra.

Bayu, Anwar Putra. “Di Balik Cerita Sungai Musi.” In Sungai Isak Perih Menyemak: Antologi Puisi Esai, edited by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda et al., 35-44, Jurnal Sajak Indonesia, 2014.

Frederick, William and John McGlynn, eds., Reflection on Rebellion: Stories from the Indonesian Upheavals of 1948 and 1965. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1983. This collection contains two stories related to the 1965 events, both by Umar Kayam: “Bawak,” and “Sri Sumarah.”

Hoerip, Satyagraha. “Pada Titik Kulminasi.” Horison 1, no. 3 (September 1966). Reprinted in: Ajip Rosidi, ed. Laut Biru Langit Biru: Bungarampai Sastra Indonesia Mutaakhir. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1977: 294-311

Hoerip, Satyagraha. “Pembrontakan Gestapu/PKI dalam Cerpen-Cerpen Indonesia.” In Pamusuk Eneste, ed. Cerpen Indoensia Mutakhir: Antologi Esei dan Kritik. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1983.

Kayam, Umar. “Musim Gugur Kembali di Connecticut.” Horison 4, no. 10 (Agustus 1969).

Kayam, Umar. “Bawuk.” Horison 5, no. 1 (January 1970).

Kipanjikusmin. “Bintang Maut.” Sastra 5, no. 1 (November 1967).

Kipanjikusmin. “Doba Kain.” Sastra 6, no. 5 (Mei 1968).

Nugroho, Sosiawan. “Sebuah Perjoangan Kecil.” Horison 2, no. 10 (October 1967).

Pamuntjak, Laksmi. Amba. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2012.

Poyk, Gerson. “Perempuan dan Anak-anaknya.” Horison 1, no. 5 (November 1966).

Sjoekoer, Mohammad. “Maut.” Sastra 7, no. 10 (October 1969).

Putu Arya Tirtawirya. “Kegelapan di Bawah Matahari” yang diterbitkan dalam buku berjudul Kegelapan di Bawah Matahari dan Cerpen-Cerpen Lainnya. Ende, Flores: Nusa Indah, 1979. English translation: ‘When People Become Numbers,’ Latitudes Magazine, vol. 10 (2002).  

Ugati. “Ancaman.” Sastra 7, no. 6 (Juni 1969).

Usamah. “Perang dan Kemanusiaan: Sebuah Tjatatan Pengalaman Pribadi.” Horison 4, no. 8 (Agustus 1969): 230-253. Translated in English: “War and Humanity: Notes on Personal Experience.” trans. Helen Jarvis. Indonesia no. 9 (April 1970): 89-99.

Zulidahlan. “Maka Sempurnalah Penderitaan Saya di Muka Bumi.” Horison 2, no. 3 (Maret 1967).

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 1, Rekonstruksi dalam Perdebatan. Obor, 2012.

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 2, Konflik Lokal. Obor, 2012.

Adam, Asvi Warman. 1965: Orang-Orang di Balik Tragedi. Galang Press, 2009.

Adam, Asvi Warman. “Pelanggaran HAM Berat Soeharto: Kasus Pulau Buru.” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 349-59. Galang Press, 2014.

Amnesty International. Report on Torture. Amnesty International, 1973.

Boden, Ragna. “Silence in the Slaughterhouse: Moscow and the Indonesian Massacres.” In 1965: Indonesia and the World, Indonesia dan Dunia, edited by Bernd Schaefer and Baskara T. Wardhaya, 86-98. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2013.

Budiardjo, Carmel. “Indonesia: Mass extermination and the consolidation of authoritarian power.” in A. George, ed. Western State Terrorism. London: Polity Press, 1991.

Chandra, Siddharth. "Glimpses of Indonesia's 1965 Massacre through the Lens of the Census: The Role of Trucks and Roads in “Crushing” the PKI in East Java." Indonesia, no. 108 (2019): 1-21. 

Chandra, Siddharth. “New Findings on the Indonesian Killings of 1965-66.” Journal of Indonesian Studies 76, no. 4 (November 2017): 1059-1086.

Cribb, Robert, ed. The Indonesian Killings: 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University, 1990. Indonesian translation:  

Cribb, Robert. “Indonesia’s Chinese: The Genocide that Never Was.” NIASnytt. 1 (1999).

Cribb, Robert. “How Many Deaths? Problems in the Statistics of Massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980).” In Violence in Indonesia, edited by Ingrid Wessel and Georgia Wimhofer. Hamburg: Abera, 2001.

Cribb, Robert. “Genocide in Indonesia, 1965-1966.” Journal of Genocide Research 3, no. 2 (2001): 219-239.

Cribb, Robert. “Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966.” Asian Survey 42, no. 4 (July-August 2002): 550-563.

Cribb, Robert. “The Indonesian Massacres.” In Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, edited by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons, 234-62. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2009.

Cribb, Robert. “Political Genocides in Postcolonial Asia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, edited by Daniel Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, 445-65. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Cribb, Robert. “On Victims Statistics.” In The Massacres: Coming to Terms with the Trauma of 1965, edited by Kurniawan et al. Tempo, 2015.

Curtis, Mark. “Democratic Genocide.” The Ecologist 26, no. 5. (September-October 1996): 202-04.

Dwyer, Leslie and Degung Santikarma. “When the World Turned to Chaos: 1965 in Bali and its Aftermath,” in The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Eickhoff, Martijn, Gerry van Klinken and Geoffrey Robinson, eds. 1965 Today: Living with the Indonesian Massacres. Special Issue, Journal of Genocide Research, Vol 19, 3 (2017).

Eklöf, Stefan. “The Mass Killings in Bali 1965-1966: Historical and Cultural Approaches.” In Frans Hüsken and Huub de Jonge, eds. Violence and Vengeance: Discontent and Conflict in New Order Indonesia. Saarbrucken: Verlag fur Entwicklungspolitik, 2002. Translated into Indonesian as: “Pembunuhan-Pembunuhan di Bali 1965-1966: Pendekatan Historis dan Budaya.” In Frans Hüsken and Huub de Jonge, eds. Orde Zonder Order: Kekerasan dan Dendam di Indonesia 1965-1998. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2003. This article is largely a commentary on G. Robinson’s book, The Dark Side of Paradise.

Farid, Hilmar. “Indonesia’s Original Sin: Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965-66.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-16. Reprinted in Kuan-Hsing Chen and Chua Beng Huat, eds., The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 2007: pp. 207-222.

Farram, Steven. “The PKI in West Timor and Nusa Tenggara Timur: 1965 and Beyond.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 116, no. 4 (2010), 381-403.

Fauzi, M., ed. Pulangkan Mereka: Merangkai Ingatan Penghilangan Paksa di Indonesia. ELSAM, 2012.

Fealy, Greg and Katharine McGregor. “Nahdlatul Ulama and the Killings of 1965-66: Religion, Politics and Remembrance.” Indonesia 89 (April 2010), 37-60.

Fein, Helen. “Revolutionary and Anti-Revolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979, and in Indonesia, 1965-1966.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 4 (October 1993): 796-823.

Feith, Herb. “Killings in Indonesia: To moralise or analyse: a dialogue.” Nation. 19 February 1966, 9-11.

Geertz, Clifford. After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist. Harvard University Press, 1995.

Gerlach, Christian. Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Only the first chapter.

Gittings, John. “The Indonesian Massacres, 1965-1966: Image and Reality.” in Mark Levene & Penny Roberts, eds. The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books (1999), pp. 247-262. See also Gittings’ personal website: https://johngittings.tripod.com .

Griswold, Deirdre. Indonesia, the Bloodbath that Was. New York: World View Publishers, 1975.

Hammer, Mathias. “The Organization of the Killings and the Interaction between the State and Society in Central Java, 1965.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2013): 37-62.

Hasworo, Rinto Tri. “Penangkapan dan Pembunuhan di Jawa Tengah Setelah G-30-S.” In Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir, edited by John Roosa, Ayu Ratih, and Hilmar Farid. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

Hearman, Vannessa. Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018. The work is based on her PhD dissertation titled “Dismantling the Fortress: East Java and the Transition to Suharto’s New Order Regime,” published by the University of Melbourne in 2012.

Hefner, Robert W. The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990: 193–227.

Henry, Adam Hughes. "Polluting the Waters: A Brief History of Anti-Communist Propaganda during the Indonesian Massacres." Genocide Studies International 8, no. 2 (2014): 153-175.

Holtzappel, Coen and Pieter Drooglever, eds. Professional Blindness and Missing the Mark: The Historical Analysis of Four Major Crises During the First Two Decades of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008.

Kammen, Douglas Anton and Katherine E McGregor. The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68. Honolulu: Asian Studies Association of Australia and University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2012.

Kasenda, Peter. “Sarwo Edhie Wibowo dan Operasi Militer: Penghancur GESTAPU/PKI dan Pendobrak Orde Lama.” Prisma (1992).

Kasenda, Peter. Sarwo Edhie dan Tragedi 1965. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2015.

Kiernan, Ben. “Twentieth Century Genocides: Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor.” In The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, 29-52. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Kurasawa, Aiko. Peristiwa 1965: Persepsi dan Sikap Jepang. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2015.

Mackie, J.A.C. “Anti-Chinese Outbreaks in Indonesia, 1959-1968.” In The Chinese in Indonesia: Five Essays, edited by J.A.C. Mackie. University of Hawaii Press, 1976.

Matsuno, Akihisa. “Immoral and Cruel Women – Anti-Gerwani Propaganda under the Indonesia’ New Order.” In Osaka University of Foreign Studies Global Dialogue Studies. ed. Pain and Anger: Oral Histories of Women Who Survived Oppression, Akashi Shoten Publishers (2006), 97-116. (In Japanese)

Marching, Soe Tjen. “The Suppression of Indonesian Communist Party and Trade Unions.” St. James Encyclopedia of Labour History Worldwide. St James Press, 2004.

Melvin, Jess. “Why Not Genocide? Anti-Chinese Violence in Aceh, 1965-66.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2013): 63-91.

Melvin, Jess. “Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 487-511.

Melvin, Jess. The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. New York: Routledge, 2018.

Melvin, Jess. “Crimes Against Humanity in Indonesia, 1956-66.” In B. Hola, H. Nyseth Brehm, & M. Weerdesteijn (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Atrocity Crimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

McGregor, Katharine. “Confronting the Past in Contemporary Indonesia: The Anticommunist Killings of 1965-66 and the Role of the Nahdlatul Ulama.” Critical Asian Studies 41, no. (2009), 195-224.

McGregor, Katharine, Jess Melvin and Annie Pohlman, eds. The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Naipospos, Bonar Tigor. And Rahadi T. Wiratama, eds. Plot TNI AD-Barat di Balik Tragedi ’65. Jakarta: Tapol, MIK, and Solidamor, 2001. A collection of translations of articles written by C. Holtzappel, W.F. Wertheim, David Johnson, Kathy Kadane, Ralph McGehee, Mark Curtis, and Mike Head.

Najjarine, Karim, and Drew Cottle. “The Department of External Affairs, the ABC and Reporting of the Indonesian Crisis, 1965-66.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 49 no. 1 (March 2003): 48-60.

Peters, Robbie. Surabaya, 1945-2010: Neighbourhood, State, and Economy in Indonesia’s City of Struggle. NUS Press, 2013.

Pohlman, Annie. Ashes in my Mouth: Women, Violence and Testimony during the Indonesian Massacres of 1965-1966. PhD Thesis, School of Languages and Comp Cultural Studies, The University of Queensland. 2011.

Pohlman, Annie. “Incitement to Genocide Against a Political Group: The Anti-Communist Killings in Indonesia.” Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-22.

Pohlman, Annie. “Child-raising, Childbirth and Abortion in Extremis: Women’s Stories of Caring For and Losing Children during the Violence of 1965-1966 in Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2014): 93-114.

Pohlman, Annie. “Spectacular Atrocities: Making Enemies during the 1965-1966 Massacres in Indonesia.” In Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing and Atrocity in History. P. 199-212. Edited by Philip G. Dwyer and Lyndall Ryan. New York, New York, United States: Berghahn Books, 2012.  

Pohlman, Annie. “Propaganda, Misogyny and Incitement to Massacre: The Indonesian Military’s Campaign against Communist Women Following the 1 October 1965 Coup.” Analysis Sejarah 1, no. 1 (2010): 1-15.

Pohlman, Annie. Women, Sexual Violence and the Indonesian Killings of 1965-66. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2015.

Pohlman, Annie. “A Fragment of a Story: Gerwani and Tapol Experiences.” Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context 1, no. 10 (2004).

Prior, John M. “The Silent Scream of a Silenced History: Part One, The Maumere Massacre of 1966.” Exchange: Journal of Missiological and Ecumenical Research 40, no. 2 (2011): 117-43.

Robinson, Geoffrey. “The Post-Coup Massacre in Bali.” in Daniel Lev and Ruth McVey, eds., Making Indonesia: Essays on Modern Indonesia in Honor of George McT. Kahin. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1996.

Robinson, Geoffrey. The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Indonesian translation: Sisi Gelap Pulau Dewata: Sejarah Kekerasan Politik. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2006.

Robinson, Geoffrey. The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.

            (Indonesian translation: Musim Menjagal: Sejarah Pembunuhan Massal di Indonesia, 1965-66. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu, 2018.

Robinson, Geoffrey. “A Time to Kill: The Anti-Communist Violence in Indonesia, 1965-66,” in Eve Zucker and Benjamin Kiernan, eds. Mass Violence in Southeast Asia Since 1945. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Monograph Series (forthcoming).

Robinson, Geoffrey. “Fake News: Psy-war and Propaganda in the Indonesian Genocide of 1965-66.” The Historian, No. 142, Special Issue on Hidden Histories (Summer, 2019) pp. 18-23.

Roosa, John. Buried Histories: The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965-1966 in Indonesia. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2020.

Roosa, John. “The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965-66 in Indonesia.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics (April 2025)

Roosa, John. “The State of Knowledge about an Open Secret: Indonesia’s Mass Disappearances of 1965-66.” Journal of Asian Studies 75, no. 2 (2016): 281-297.

Schaefer, Bernd and Baskara T. Wardaya, eds. 1965: Indonesia and the World / Indonesia dan Dunia (Bilingual Edition). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2013.

 Setyadi, Rumekso, and Saiful H. Shodiq. “Dari Ksatria Menjadi Paria: Degradasi Peran dan Pembunuhan Politik Sistematik: Catatan Awal Peristiwa ‘65/’66 di Yogyakarta.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 109-120.

Siregar, M.R. Tragedi Manusia dan Kemanusiaan: Kasus Indonesia: Sebuah Holokaus yang Diterima Sesudah Perang Dunia Kedua. Surrey, England: Tapol, 1995.

Sloan, Stephen. A Study in Political Violence: The Indonesian Experience. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971.

Stoler, Ann. Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra’s Plantation Belt, 1870-1979. 2nd ed. University of Michigan Press, 1995.

Sufi, Rusdi and M. Munur Aziz. Peristiwa PKI di Aceh. Banda Aceh: CV. Boebon Jaya, 2017.

Sujatmiko, Iwan Gardono. “Kehancuran PKI Tahun 1965-1966.” Sejarah 9. Jakarta: Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia, n.d., c. 2001.

Sujatmiko, Iwan Gardono. “The Destruction of the Indonesian communist party (PKI): A Comparative Analysis of East Java and Bali.” Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1992.

Sulistyo, Hermawan. Palu Arit di Ladang Tebu: Sejarah Pembantaian Massal yang Terlupakan 1965-1966 (Jombang-Kediri 1965-66). Jakarta: KPG, 2000. This book is a translation of the author’s dissertation: “The Forgotten Years: The Missing History of Indonesia’s Mass Slaughter (Jombang-Kediri 1965–1966).” Ph.D. thesis, Arizona State University, 1997. Despite the book’s title, only one chapter of the book is actually about the massacres in Jombang and Kediri. That chapter is based on remarkably few interviews. Sulistiyo, while ignoring the role of the army, winds up blaming the civilians of the NU for the killings. 

Suryawan, I Ngurah. Ladang Hitam di Pulau Dewa: Pembantaian Massal di Bali, 1965. Galang Press, 2007.

Trisila, Slamat. “The Sutedja File: Gubernur Bali Pertama dalam Lipatan Sejarah.” Jurnal Kajian Bali 3, no. 1 (April 2013): 115-138.

Tsai, Yen-Ling, and Douglas Kammen. “Anti-communist Violence and the Ethnic Chinese in Medan, North Sumatra.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katherine McGregor, 131-155. NUS Press, 2012.

Van Klinken, Gerry. “Pembuhuhan di Maumere: Kewarganeraraan Pascapenjajahan.” Jurnal Ledalero 14, no. 1 (June 2015), 11-33.

Wahid, Abdul. “Counterrevolution in a Revolutionary Campus: How Did the ‘1965 Event’ Affect an Indonesian Public University?” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics, and Legacies, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 157-178. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Webb, R.A.F. Paul. “The Sickle and the Cross: Christians and Communists in Bali, Flores, Sumba and Timor, 1965-67.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (March 1986).

Wieringa, Saskia E. Penghancuran Gerakan Perempuan: Politik Seksual di Indonesia Pasca Kejatuhan PKI. Yogkayarta: Galangpress, 2010.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Sexual Slander Revealed: The Story of Jamilah/Jemilah and The Act of Killing.” Indonesian Feminist Journal 3, no. 1 (2015): 14-22.   

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Sexual Slander and the 1965-1966 Mass Killings in Indonesia: Political and Methodological Considerations.” Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 125, National University of Singapore. November 2009.

Wieringa, Saskia E. and Nursyahbani Katjasungkana. Propaganda and the Genocide in Indonesia: Imagined Evil. Milton: Routledge, 2018.

Bevins, Vincent. The Jakarta Method: Washington’s Anticommunist Crusade & the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. New York: Pacific Affairs, 2020. 

Howland, Richard Cabot. “The Lessons of the September 30 Affair.” Studies in Intelligence 14: 2 (Fall 1970): 13-29. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v14i2a02p_0001.htm Howland comments on the difficulty of gaining reliable information about the killings.

Kadane, Kathy. “Ex-Agents say CIA compiled death lists for Indonesians.” San Francisco Examiner. May 20, 1990. http://www.namebase.org/kadane.html The journalist Kathy Kadane filed a news story for States News Service in May 1990 that was picked up by a number of newspapers, including the Washington Post and Boston Globe. The story was about how the U.S. embassy in Jakarta provided thousands of names of communists to the Indonesian army. Kadane based her story on interviews with embassy officials: Marshall Green, Edward Masters, Jack Lydman, and Robert Martens. She has deposited the recordings of her interviews at the National Security Archive collection in the George Washington University library (in Washington D.C.). The former CIA agent, Ralph McGehee, supported Kadane’s story: Covert Action Quarterly (Fall 1990): http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/McGehee_CIA_Indo.html The New York Times did not run Kadane’s story. Instead it published a critique of the story. Michael Wines, “C.I.A. Tie Asserted in Indonesia Purge.” 12 July 1990, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDA1431F931A25754C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all

Kadane, Kathy. “US Officials’ Lists Aided Indonesian Bloodbath in ‘60s.” Washington Post, May 21, 1990.

Scott, Peter Dale. “Islam, a Forgotten Holocaust, and American Historical Amnesia.” The Asia Pacific Journal 13, no. 3 (April 13, 2015).

Forty Years of Silence (2008). Produced by Robert Lemelson. See the website: http://www.40yearsofsilence.com/

Puisi tak Terkuburkan (2001). Film by Garin Nugroho. Indonesia. The film is based on the experience of Ibrahim Kadir, a poet in Aceh, who was imprisoned in 1965 and witnessed people being taken out of prison to be executed.

Shadowplay (2002). An excellent film made by Chris Hilton and Sylvie Le Clezio. Australia. Shown on some PBS stations in the US. See the website about the film: http://www.thirteen.org/shadowplay/about.html

Terlena (2004). Produced by Andre Vltchek. See the website: http://www.millache.org/

The Act of Killing (2012). Film by Joshua Oppenheimer, Anonymous and Christine Cynn. United States: Drafthouse Films.

The Look of Silence (2015). Film by Joshua Oppenheimer, S.B. Sorensen, L. Skree. United States: Drafthouse Films.

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Memahami Kembali Peran NU pada Detik-Detik September-Oktober 1965.” Islam Bergerak. 21 November 2014. https://islambergerak.com/2014/11/memahami-kembali-peran-nu-pada-detik-detik-september-oktober-1965/

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Dari Benturan ke Konsoludasi: Tentang NU dan ‘Buku Putih’ 1965.” IndoProgress.com. 13 December 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/12/dari-benturan-ke-konsolidasi-tentang-nu-dan-buku-putih-1965/

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Islam Indonesia dan Pemulihan Luka Bersama via Keadilan dan Penulisan Ulang Sejarah.” Islam Bergerak. 13 November 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/11/islam-indonesia-dan-pemulihan-luka-bersama-via-keadilan-dan-penulisan-ulang-sejarah/

Anshori, Aan. “IPT 65 di Antara Kepungan Empat Kelompok.” Kompasiana. 18 August 2015. https://www.kompasiana.com/aananshori/55d353569493737910f33134/ipt-65-diantara-kepungan-empat-kelompok

Anshori, Aan. “Rekonsiliasi 65 Koma.” Kompasiana. 28 February 2015. https://www.kompasiana.com/aananshori/54f33dec7455139f2b6c6d6c/rekonsiliasi-65-koma

Basuki, Novi. “Wawancara Soe Tjen Marching: ‘Papaku PKI atau Bukan, Tak Masalah Bagiku.’” Mojok.co. 2 August 2020. https://mojok.co/nvb/liputan/wawancara-soe-tjen-marching-papaku-pki-atau-bukan-tak-masalah-bagiku/

Djakababa, Yosef. “Dalam Rekonsiliasi, Memahami Sejarah Tragedi 1965 Harus Menyeluruh.” The Conversation. 28 September 2017. https://theconversation.com/demi-rekonsiliasi-memahami-sejarah-tragedi-1965-harus-menyeluruh-84569?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=bylinetwitterbutton

ELSAM. “Pembongkaran Kuburan Massal Peristiwa 1965 di Dusun Masaen, Jembrana.” October 29, 2015. https://www.elsam.or.id/uncategorized/pembongkaran-kuburan-massal-peristiwa-1965-di-dusun-masean-jembarana

Farid, Hilmar and Fildzah Izzati. “Hilmar Farid: Warisan Kunci Politik Orde Baru adalah Kemiskinan Imajinasi Politik, Sosial dan Kultural!” IndoProgress.com. 15 July 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/07/hilmar-farid-warisan-kunci-politik-orde-baru-adalah-kemiskinan-imajinasi-politik-sosial-dan-kultural/

Kurniawan, et al., eds. The Massacres: Coming to Terms with the Trauma of 1965. Tempo, 2015.

Magnis-Suseno, Franz. “Membersihkan Dosa Kolektif G30S.” Kompas, September 29, 2015. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/09/29/16000001/Membersihkan.Dosa.Kolektif.G30S?page=all

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Tentang Siksa, Tentara dan Agama: Kisah Hidup Antonius Pudji Rahardjo dari Koblen sampai Buru.” Islam Bergerak 2 Juni 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/06/tentang-siksa-tentara-dan-agama-kisah-hidup-antonius-pudji-rahardjo-dari-koblen-sampai-buru/

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Oei Hiem Hwie: Editor Pramoedya di Buru.” Islam Bergerak, 6 Mei 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/05/oei-hiem-hwie-editor-pramoedya-di-buru/

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Christina Sumarmiyati.” Tribunal 1965. 13 August 2015. https://www.tribunal1965.org/christina-sumarmiyati/  This is based on Soe Tjen Marching’s October 2015 issue of her magazine, Bhinneka, where she interviewed five women who were former female political prisoners. See this interview with Soe Tjen Marching: http s://www.vice.com/en/article/8qwyjp/the-activist-shining-a-light-on-the-women-prisoners-of-the-indonesian-massacres

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Kalau PKI Tidak Diberantas, Kitalah yang Binasa?” DW.com. 29 September 2015. https://www.dw.com/id/kalau-pki-tidak-diberantas-kitalah-yang-binasa/a-18749872

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Palu Arit: Penampakan yang Menghantui Indonesia.” DW.com. 29 September 2015. https://www.dw.com/id/palu-arit-penampakan-yang-menghantui-indonesia/a-18707349

Murtadho, Roy. “IPT 65, Hipokrisi dan Kebungkaman Kita.” IndoProgress.com. 27 November 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/11/ipt-65-hipokrisi-dan-kebungkaman-kita/

Murtadho, Roy. “NU di Masa 65.” IndoProgress.com. 27 November 2014. https://islambergerak.com/2014/11/nu-di-masa-65-bagian-1/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Narasi Perempuan Tentang Revolusi Indonesia.” IndoProgress.com 16 August 2018. https://indoprogress.com/2018/08/narasi-perempuan-tentang-revolusi-indonesia/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Feminisme Anti-Imperialis Gerwani di Panggung PErang Dingin.” IndoProgress.com. 13 February 2020. https://indoprogress.com/2020/02/feminisme-anti-imperialis-gerwani-di-panggung-perang-dingin/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Umi Sardjono: Feminis Marxis Yang Menakhodai Gerwani.” IndoProgress.com. 16 February 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/02/umi-sardjono-feminis-marxis-yang-menakhodai-gerwani/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Domestikasi vs Revolusionerisasi Politik Perempuan Sebelum G30S.” IndoProgress.com. 5 October 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/10/domestikasi-vs-revolusionerisasi-politik-perempuan-sebelum-g30s/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Chaos Untuk Coup?” IndoProgress.com. 21 September 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/09/chaos-untuk-coup/

Ratih, I Gusti Agung Ayu. “Ade Rostina Sitompul; Madam Klandestin.” September 14, 2014. Memoar Ade Rostina.https://memoaraderostina.wordpress.com/2014/09/14/ade-rostina-sitompul-madam-klandestin/

Roosa, John. “Prof. John Roosa: Identitas Bangsa Indonesia Berubah Total Sesudah 1965.” Indoprogress, 17 September 2012. https://indoprogress.com/2012/09/wawancara-2/

Santoso, Aboeprijadi. “1965 – Tahun Matahari Tenggelam: Sebuah Refleksi.” Aboeprijadi. 16 September. http://aboeprijadi.com/2015/09/1965-tahun-matahari-tenggelam/

Supriatma, Made. “Hari Raya Orde Baru (30 September dan 1 Oktober).” IndoProgress.com. 2 October 2014. https://indoprogress.com/2014/10/hari-raya-orde-baru-30-september-dan-1-oktober/

Supriatma, Made. “1965: Pembunuhan Tanpa Akhir.” IndoProgress.com. 21 June 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/06/1965-pembunuhan-tanpa-akhir/

Supriatma, Made. “Selamat Ulang Tahun, Jenderal Jagal Besar!” Indoprogress.com. 8 June 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/06/selamat-ulang-tahun-jendral-jagal-besar/

Supriatma, Made. “Fobia 1965: Tidak Mudah Melawan Kegamangan.” DW. 16 May 2016. https://www.dw.com/id/fobia-1965-tidak-mudah-melawan-kegamangan/a-19251713

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. “Tragedi 1965 dalam Karya-Karya Umar Kayam: Perspektif Antonio Gramsci.” IndoProgress.com. 7 September 2014. https://indoprogress.com/2014/09/tragedi-1965-dalam-karya-karya-umar-kayam-perspektif-antonio-gramsci/

Wibisono, Joss. “G30S dalam Pers Belanda.” Historia. 29 September 2017. https://historia.id/politik/articles/g30s-dalam-pers-belanda-DrBql

Yusuf, Windu. “Bachtiar Siagian dan Misteri Realisme Sosialis Dalam Film Indonesia.” IndoProgress, November 5, 2013. 3. https://indoprogress.com/2013/11/bachtiar -siagian-dan-misteri-realisme-sosialis-dalam-film-indonesia/.

Bevins, Vincent. “What the United States Did in Indonesia.” The Atlantic. 20 October 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/   Indonesian translation of this article: “Penbunuhan Massal 1965: Apa yang Amerika Lakukan kepada Indonesia?” https://www.matamatapolitik.com/pembunuhan-massal-1965-apa-yang-amerika-lakukan-kepada-indonesia/

Bevins, Vincent. “In Indonesia, the ‘Fake News’ that Fueled a Cold War Massacre is Still Potent Five Decades Later.” The Washington Post. 30 September 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/30/in-indonesia-the-fake-news-that-fueled-a-cold-war-massacre-is-still-potent-five-decades-later/

Cribb, Robert and Michele Ford. “The Killings of 1965-66.” Inside Indonesia ed. 99: Jan-March 2010, 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-killings-of-1965-66

Cribb, Robert. “Behind the Coup that Backfired: the Demise of Indonesia’s Communist Party.” The Conversation, 29 September 2015. https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640

Danaparamita, Aria. “Revisiting an Indonesian Massacre 50 Years On.” Aljazeera. 30 September 2015. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/9/30/revisiting-an-indonesian-massacre-50-years-on

Hale, Christopher. “Indonesia: A Nation’s Silent Slaughter.” History Today 67, no. 12 (December 2017). https://www.historytoday.com/reviews/indonesia-nation%E2%80%99s-silent-slaughter

Hearman, Vannessa. “Reconstructing the History of anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia.” Asian Studies Association of Australia. 28 September 2018. http://asaa.asn.au/reconstructing-history-anti-communist-violence-east-java-indonesia/

Hearman, Vanessa. “Hunted Communists.” Inside Indonesia 99 (Jan-March 2010), 24 January 2020. https://www.insideindonesia.org/hunted-communists

Hearman, Vanessa. “1968: A Crushing Defeat for the Indonesian Left.” Verso Books. 15 May 2018. https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3812-1968-a-crushing-defeat-for-the-indonesian-left

Hearman, Vannessa. “The Use of Memoirs and Oral History Works in Researching the 1965-1966 Political Violence in Indonesia.” IJAPS 5, no. 2 (July 2009), 21-42. http://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Vannessa_Memoir.pdf

Hoadley, Anna-Greta Nilsson. Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy: The Aftermath of 1965-1966. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2005. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:858495/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Lane, Max. “Tragedi 1965?” Historia. 4 October 2010. https://historia.id/politik/articles/tragedi-1965-DAEgD

Leksana, Grace. “A Complex Relationship.” Inside Indonesia 138 (Oct-Dec 2019). https://www.insideindonesia.org/a-complex-relationship

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Interview with an Activist: Soe Tjen Marching.” Inside Indonesia. 18 July 2016. https://www.insideindonesia.org/interview-with-an-activist-soe-tjen-marching

McGregor, Katharine E. “The Indonesian Killings of 1965-66.” SciencesPo. 4 August 2009. https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/indonesian-killings-1965-1966#title6

McGregor, Katharine. “Sensitive Truths.” Inside Indonesia 99 (Jan-March 2010), https://www.insideindonesia.org/sensitive-truths

Mehr, Nathaniel. “Media Manipulation and the Indonesian Killings of 1965-66.” Constantine Report. 18 May 2009. http://constantinereport.com/media-manipulation-and-the-indonesian-killings-of-1965-66-2/

Melvin, Jess. “There’s now proof that Soeharto orchestrated the 1965 killings.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 26 June 2018. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/theres-now-clear-proof-that-soeharto-orchestrated-the-1965-killings/

Melvin, Jess. “Documenting Genocide.” Inside Indonesia 122 (30 September 2015). https://www.insideindonesia.org/documenting-genocide-3

Melvin, Jess. “Symposium on Indonesia’s 1965 genocide opens Pandora’s Box.” New Mandala. 9 May 2016. https://www.newmandala.org/symposium-on-indonesias-1965-genocide-opens-pandoras-box/

Melvin, Jess. “Telegram Confirms Scale of US Complicity in 1965 Genocide.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 20 October 2017. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/

Pamuntjak, Laksmi. “Censorship Is Returning to Indonesia in the Name of the 1965 Purges.” Guardian, October 27, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2015/oct/27/censorship-is-returning-to-indonesia-in-the-name-of-the-1965-purges

Poulgrain, Greg. “Who Plotted the 1965 Coup?” Inside Indonesia 57 (1999). https://www.insideindonesia.org/who-plotted-the-1965-coup

Roosa, John. “Dictionary of a Disaster.” Inside Indonesia, 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/dictionary-of-a-disaster

also https://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/multimedia/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why

Roosa, John and Joseph Nevins. “The 1965 Mass Killings in Indonesia: CIA Blames the Victims for Being Murdered.” International People’s Tribunal 1965, 11 August 2016. https://www.tribunal1965.org/en/the-1965-mass-killings-in-indonesia-cia-blames-the-victims-for-being-murdered/

Scott, Peter Dale. “Still Uninvestigated after 50 Years: Did the US Help Incite the 1965 Indonesia Massacre?” Global Research. 5 August 2015. https://www.globalresearch.ca/still-uninvestigated-after-50-years-did-the-u-s-help-incite-the-1965-indonesia-massacre/5467309

Setiawan, Ken. “A Hidden Past.” Inside Indonesia. 15 July 2015. https://www.insideindonesia.org/a-hidden-past

Setiyawan, Dahlia Gratia. “Terror in Tandes.” Inside Indonesia 99 (Jan-March 2010). https://www.insideindonesia.org/terror-in-tandes

Simpson, Bradley. “The United States and the 1965-1966 Mass Murders in Indonesia.” Monthly Review. 1 December 2015. https://monthlyreview.org/2015/12/01/the-united-states-and-the-19651966-mass-murders-in-indonesia/

Simpson, Bradley. “Accomplices in Atrocity.” Inside Indonesia 99: 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity

Vann, Michael G. “Jakarta 1965: The Party’s Over.” The Long Global Sixties. 10-13. http://www.thewha.org/files/pdf/whb/34.12.pdf

Vann, Michael G. “Suharto’s Shadow Still Lingers in Indoensian Museums.” The Diplomat. 6 February 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/suhartos-shadow-still-lingers-in-indonesian-museums/

Vickers, Adrian. “Unclean Environment: Ensuring that Victims of the Indoensian Massacres Do Not Simply Remain Statistics.” TLS. 10 August 2018. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/unclean-environment-indonesia/

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Breaking the Silence around the 1965 Indonesian Genocide.” The Conversation. 1 October 2014. https://theconversation.com/breaking-the-silence-around-the-1965-indonesian-genocide-32280

Wieringa, Saskia. “Indonesia’s 1965 Genocide is a Global Affair.” New Mandala. 28 July 2016. https://www.newmandala.org/indonesias-1965-genocide-global-affair/

Wieringa, Saskia. “Confronting a Violent Past.” New Mandala, 2 June 2016. https://www.newmandala.org/confronting-a-violent-past/

Wieringa, Saskia. “How Should Indonesia Resolve Atrocities of the 1965-66 Anti-Communist Purge?” The Conversation. 20 April 2016. https://theconversation.com/how-should-indonesia-resolve-atrocities-of-the-1965-66-anti-communist-purge-57885

Angkatan Bersendjata Republik Indonesia. “Operasi Ksatria 1974: Langkah Mendasar Untuk Penanggulangan dan Pencegahan Bahaya Latent Subversi Kiri.” Photocopy, n.d.

Departemen Penerangan. Perlakuan terhadap Mereka yang Terlibat G.30.S/PKI Golongon C. Jakarta, 1975. 51 p.

Departemen Penerangan. Peraturan Perundang-Undangan dan Ketentuan-Ketentuan tentang Larangan terhadap Kegiatan Sisa-Sisa G.30.S/PKI dan Komunisme di Indonesia. Jakarta, 1988.

Direktorat Jenderal Sosial Politik. Buku-saku Nomor 200/1263 bagi Pelaksana, Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Bekas Tahanan dan Bekas Narapidana G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta, 1989. 66 p.

Direktorat Jenderal Sosial Politik. Pedoman Teknis Nomor 730.351/4211 tentang Pelaksanaan Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Bekas Tahanan dan Bekas Narapidana G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta, c. 1990.

Himpunan Peraturan Bersih Diri dan Bersih Lingkungan dari G.30-S/PKI. Jakarta: Dharma Bakti, 1988.

Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs. Indonesian Government Policy in Dealing with the G30S/PKI Detainees. Jakarta, 1978.

Kejaksaan Agung. Buku Petundjuk Penindjauan Kepulau Buru. Issued by the Departemen Penerangan, written December 2, 1969. 10p.

Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Instruksi Mendagri No.32/1981 tentang Pembinaan dan Pengawasan terhadap Eks Tapol/Napol G30S/PKI.

Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban. Tatacara Pemberian “Surat Keterangan Tidak Terlibat G.30.S/PKI” dan Penjelasan Kas Kopkamtib tentang Pengembalian Sebagian dari Tahanan G.30.S/PKI Golongan B ke Masyarakat. Jakarta: Departeman Penerangan, 1975.

Komnas Perempuan (National Commission on Violence Against Women). Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan Berbasis Jender: Mendengarkan Suara Perempuan Korban Peristiwa 1965. Jakarta, 2007.

Kopkamtib. KEP-028/KOPKAM/10/68, as amended by KEP 010/KOPKAM/3/1969.

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Kopkamtib, Daerah Djawa Timur. “Pokok-Pokok Kebidjaksanaan tentang Penjelesaian Tahanan/Tawanan G-30-S/PKI di Djawa Timur.” November 6, 1969.

Kopkamtib. Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Kopkamtib No. JUKLAK 15/KOPKAM/V/1982 [May 27, 1982] tentang Screening Mental Ideologis terhadap Pelamar untuk Menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Karyawan Instansi Pemerintah/Perusahaan Swasta Vital.

Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan MPRS Republik Indonesia No: XXV/MPRS/1966 tentang Pembubaran Partai Komunis Indonesia, Pernjataan Sebagai Organisasi Terlarang Diseluruh Wilajah Republik Indonesia bagi Partai Komunis Indonesia dan Larangan Setiap Kegiatan Untuk Menjebarkan Paham atau Adjaran Komunis/Marxisme-Leninisme. July 5, 1966.

Marsudi, Djamal. Laporan Pertama dari Pulau Buru. Jakarta: Intibuku Utama, 1971. 62p.

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Presiden Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Presiden No. 16/1990 tentang Penelitian Khusus Bagi Pegawai Negeri Republik Indonesia, August 17, 1990.

Jenkins, David. “Inside Soeharto’s Prisons.” Far Eastern Economic Review (October 28, 1977): 8-13.

May, Brian. The Indonesian Tragedy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978: pp. 27-40. May worked four years as the correspondent of Agence France-Presse in Jakarta. The information presented on the political prisoners is valuable though the main thesis of the book is classicly Orientalist: the Indonesians have a completely different culture that is inscrutable to ‘the West.’

Ajoeb, Joebaar. Gerhana Seni Rupa Modern Indonesia. Jakarta, 1992.

Bud., S., “Salemba,” serialized in Arena, part 5: “Indoktrinasi di Lapangan Salemba.”

Budiardjo, Carmel. Surviving Indonesia’s Gulag. London: Cassell, 1995.

Bustam, Mia. Sudjojono dan Aku. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2006.

Bustam, Mia. Dari Kamp ke Kamp: Cerita Seorang Perempuan. Jakarta: Spasi, 2008.

Demokrasno, A. Gumelar, and Harsutejo. Dari Kalong Sampai Pulau Buru: 11 Tahun Dalam Sekapan, Penjara, Pembuangan dan Kerja Rodi (Kisah Tapol dalam Sketsa). Pusat Sejarah dan Etika Politik, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2006.

Djoko Sri Moeljono. Pembuangan Pulau Buru: Dari Barter ke Hukum Pasar. Bandung: Ultimus, 2017.

Gregorius Soeharsojo Goenito. Tiada Jalan Bertabur Bunga: Memoar Pulau Buru dalam Sketsa. Yogyakarta: InsistPress, 2016.

Hardoyo. “Bersih Diri dan Bersih Lingkungan Kas Indonesia.” April 18, 1990, n.p.

Hardoyo.“The Effects of the ‘Clean Environment’ Campaign in Indonesia.” May 1990, n.p

Havelaar, Ruth (Jitske Mulder). Quartering: A Story of a Marriage in Indonesia During the Eighties. Clayton, Victoria: Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no. 24, 1991. Translated into Dutch as: Inkwartiering, Indonesie door de Ogen van een Nederlandse Vrouw. Breda, 1992. Translated into Indonesian as: Selamat Tinggal Indonesia. Jakarta: Lentera, 1995; republished: Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2002. Mulder married an ex-tapol, Hersri Setiawan, and lived with him in Jakarta.

Ibu Marni. “I am a Leaf in a Storm.” trans. by Anton Lucas. Indonesia no. 47 (April 1989): 49-60.

N Syam H. Bulembangbu: Kisah Pahit Seorang Tahanan G.30.S. Jakarta: Cipta Pustaka, 2009.

Mars Noersmono, Bertahan Hidup di Pulau Buru. Bandung: Ultimus, 2017.

Moestahal, H. Achmadi. Dari Gontor ke Pulau Buru. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2002.  

Munadi. “Yang Tak Terlupakan.” Jakarta, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/cerita_kami/g30s/munadi.pdf.

Oei Hiem Hwie, Memoar Oei Hiem Hwie: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Medayu Agung. Wastu Lanas Grafika, 2015.

Oei Tjoe Tat, Memoar Oei Tjoe Tat, Pembantu Presiden Soekarno (Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1995).

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Memoar Hario Kecik: Autobiografi Seorang Mahasiswa Prajurit. Jakarta: Obor, 1995.

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Memoar Hario Kecik 2. Jakarta: Obor, 2001.

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Dari Moskwa ke Peking: Memoar Hario Kecik 3. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2005.

Pandu Nusa. “The Path of Suffering: The Report of a Political Prisoner on his Journey through Various Prison Camps in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 19, no. 1 (1987).

Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu, 2 volumes. Jakarta: Lentera, 1995-1997.

Prayitno, Suyatno. Astaman Hasibuan. Buntoro. Kesaksian Tapol Orde Baru: Guru, Seniman, dan Prajurit Tjakra. Jakarta: ISAI and Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003.

Rachmadi, Tristuti. “My life as a shadow master under Suharto.” In Mary Zurbachen, ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

Raid, Hasan. Pergulatan Muslim Komunis. Yogyakarta: LKPSM/Syarikat, 2001.

Reksoprodjo, Setiadi. Refleksi Orang Biasa Dalam Sejarah yang Luar Biasa. Jakarta: Pakorba, 2007.

Saroso, Kresno. Dari Salemba ke Pulau Buru: Memoar Seorang Tapol Orde Baru. Jakarta: ISAI and Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2002.

Sasongko, HD Haryo. Anak Bangsa Terpidana. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003. Although the author presents this book as a memoir, many of the events appear to be fictionalized.  

Sasongko, HD Haryo. Korupsi Sejarah dan Kisah Derita Akar Rumput. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2005.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Dua Wajah dalam Satu Haribaan: Warna-warna Pendewasaan di Pulau Buru.” Prisma (Oktober 1979).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Keeping Your Head: Memoir of Detention in Prison.” Inside Indonesia (October 1984).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Art and Entertainment in New Order’s Jails,” Indonesia, no. 59 (April 1985): 1-20.

Setiawan, Hersri. Dunia yang Belum Sudah. Kockengen, 1993. 46 p. This pamphlet, privately published by the author, contains essays about life on Buru island and exile literature.

Setiawan, Hersri. Aku Ex-Tapol. Yogyakarta: Galang, 2003.

Setiawan, Hersri. Memoar Pulau Buru. Magelang: Indonesiatera, 2004.

Setiawan, Hersri. Diburu di Pulau Buru. Yogyakarta: Galang Press, 2006.

Setiawan, Hersri. Kidung untuk Korban: Dari Tutur Sepuluh Narasumber Eks-Tapol Sala. Surakarta: Pakorba Sala, 2006.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Between the Bars.” Trans. Mary Zurbuchen. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 25-34.

Siagian, Bachtiar. Catatan Kemarau. No place or date of publication. 24 p. Poems written in prison 1972-75.

Siagian, Bachtiar. Elegi Tanah Deli. Jakarta, 1987. 62 p. Stories about plantation work in Sumatra written 1950-55.

Siauw Giok Tjhan. “Berbagai Catatan dari Berbagai Macam Cerita yang Dikumpulkan dalam Percakapan2 dengan Berbagai Teman Tahanan di Salemba, Rumah Tahanan Chusus, dan Nirbaya.” Jakarta, typescript, not dated, c. late 1970s.

Siauw Giok Tjhan. Under the pseudonym of Sigit. “The Smiling General Harus Dituntut ke Mahkamah.” Written 1979. Privately printed and circulated 1996.

Siauw Tiong Djin, Siauw Giok Tjhan. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1999.

Sibarani, Agustin. Karikatur dan Politik. Jakarta, ISAI, Garba Budaya, and Media Lintas Inti Nusantara, 2001.

Soepardjan, Adam. Mendobrak Penjara Rezim Soeharto. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

Sudjinah. Terempas Gelombang Pasang: Riwayat Wartawati dalam Penjara Orde Baru. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003.

Sulami. Perempuan-Keberaran dan Penjara. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 1999.

Sulami. Merentang Purnama. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 2001.

Suparman, H. Sebuah Catatan Tragedi 1965: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai ke Mekah. Bandung: Nuansa, 2006. 

Taher, Yoseph Tugio. Riau Berdarah: Kisah Perjalanan Hidupku. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2006.

Tamrin, Misbach. Amrus Natalsya dan Bumi Tarung. Bogor: AMNAT Studio, 2008.

Tjiptaning, Ribka. Aku Bangga Jadi Anak PKI. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 2002. The author is a daughter of political prisoner.

Wilson and Edy Haryadi. Riwayat Gembel Soedijono. Jakarta: privately published, 2006. The subject of this biography, Gembel Soedijono, was detained without charge for eight months in 1966, then released at the request of Col. Ali Moetopo, Suharto’s right-hand man, so that he could work as an intelligence agent.

Aleida, Martin. Malam Kelabu, Ilyana dan Aku: Kumpulan Empat Cerita Pendek. Jakarta: Yayasan Darma Warga, 1998. 88 p.

Aleida, Martin. Layang-Layang Itu Tak Lagi Mengepak Tinggi-Tinggi. Jakarta: Emansipasi, 1999.

Aleida, Martin. Perempuan depan Kaca: Dan Dongeng dari Dunia Lain. Jakarta: Darma Warga, 2000. 96 p.

Aleida, Martin. Leontin Dewangga: Kumpulan Cerpen. Jakarta. Kompas, 2003.

Aleida, Martin. Jamangilak Tak Pernah Menangis. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2004.

Aleida, Martin. Dendam Perempuan dan Cerita Lain. Jakarta: Pusat Dokumentasi Sastra H.B. Jassin, 2006.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. The ‘Buru tetralogy’ consists of four books all published by Hasta Mitra in Jakarta: Bumi Manusia (1980), Anak Semua Bangsa (1980), Jejak Langkah (1985) and Rumah Kaca (1988). These books have been translated into English by Max Lane and published in various editions by William Morrow and Penguin under the titles: This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and Glass House. They have been translated into many other languages besides. Hilmar Farid has written an article explaining how they were written on Buru and later published in Jakarta: “Tentang Kelahiran Bumi Manusia.” In Bonnie Triyana and Max Lane, eds. Liber Amicorum: 80 Tahun Joesoef Isak (Jakarta: ISAI, Komunitas Bambu, and Praxis, 2008): 65-85. For more information on Pramoedya see the website: http://www.radix.net/~bardsley/prampage.html

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Arus Balik. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1995. This massive novel about Java in the 16th century was written on Buru island. It has been translated into Dutch by Henk Maier. One chapter has been translated into English and discussed by John Roosa: “The Port of Tuban.” Emergences 10, no. 2 (2000): 277-300.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu. 2 vols. These two volumes consist of his essays about life in the prison camps on Buru island 1969-79. Both volumes were privately published by Pramoedya using Lentera as the name of the publisher. The first volume was published in 1995 and the second in 1997. Selections from these two volumes have been translated into English by Willem Samuels (pseudonym) as: A Mute’s Soliloquy: A Memoir. (New York: Hyperion, 1999; and later editions by Penguin).

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Selat Bali: Sajak-Sajak Buat Burung Camar. Jakarta: Inkultra Foundation, 1982. 55 p.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Tembang Jalak Bali: The Song of the Starling. Bilingual edition. Trans. Keith Foulcher. Kuala Lumpur: Wira Karya, 1986.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Keringat Mutiara. Jakarta: Kalyanamitra, 1991. English translation: The Sweat of Pearls: Short Stories about Women of Bali. Trans. Vern Cork. Darlington, Australia: Darma, 1999. 

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Merajut Harkat. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1999.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Di Atas Siang di Bawah Malam. Jakarta: GagasMedia, 2004.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Rindu Terluka. Jakarta: Metafor, 2004. English translation: Wounded Longing. Jakarta: Survivor, 2004.

Ahmad, Taufik. “South Sulawesi: The Military, Prison Camps, and Forced Labour.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katharine McGregor, 156-81. NUS Press, 2012.

Budiardjo, Carmel. “Repression and Political Imprisonment.” In Malcolm Caldwell, ed. Ten Years’ Military Terror in Indonesia. London: Spokesman Books, 1975.

Budiawan. “Living with the Spectre of the Past: Traumatic Experiences among Wives of Former Political Prisoners of the ‘1965 Event’ in Indonesia.” In Contestations of Memory in Southeast Asia. Ed. Roxana Waterson and Kwok Kian-Woon. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011. Pages 269-290.

Budiawan. “Tortured Body, Betrayed Heart: State Violence in an Indonesian Novel by an Ex-Political Prisoner of the ‘1965 Affair.’ “ In Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution, edited by Charles Coppel, 242-257. Routledge, 2006.

Chambert-Loir, Henri. “Locked Out: Literature of the Indonesian Exiles Post-1965.” Archipel 91 (2016), 119-145. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/308

Chambert-Loir, Henri. “Utuy Tatang Sontani and the Man with Smouldering Eyes.” Archipel 95 (2018), 111-132. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/680

Dermawan T., Agus and Wright, Astri. Hendra Gunawan: A Great Modern Indonesian Painter. Jakarta: Ciputra Foundation and Archipelago Press, 2001. 

Fealy, Greg. The Release of Indonesia’s Political Prisoners: Domestic vs. Foreign Policy. Clayton: Monash University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, 1995.

Feith, Herb. “A blot on the New Order’s record: The fate of 80,000 political prisoners in Indonesia.” A shorter version appeared in The New Republic, 13 April 1968.

Hearman, Vanessa. “From Indonesia with Love: Friendships between Political Prisoners and their Pen Pals and the Creation of Human Rights Activist Networks.” Hostire Sociale (July 2020).

Hearman, Vanessa. “The Last Men in Havana: Indonesian Exiles in Cuba.” RIMA” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 44, no. 1 (2010): 83-109.

Hearman, Vanessa. “Letter-writing and Transnational Activism on Behalf of Indonesian Political Prisoners: Gatot Lestario and his Legacy.” Critical Asian Studies 42, no. 2 (2016): 145-167.

Herlambang, Wijaya. Kekerasan Budaya Pasca 1965: Bagaimana Orde Baru Melegitimasi Anti-Komunisme Melalui Sastra dan Film. Tangerang: Marjin Kiri, 2013.

Hill, David. “Cold War Polarization, Delegated Party Authority, and Diminishing Exilic Options: The Dilemma of Indonesian Political Exiles in China after 1965.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 176, no, 2-3 (2020), 338-372. https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/2-3/article-p338_5.xml

Hill, David. “Indonesian Political Exiles in the USSR.” Critical Asian Studies 46, no. 4 (2014), 621-643. https://pdfslide.net/documents/indonesian-political-exiles-in-the-ussr.html

Hill, David. Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics. In: 17th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia: Is this the Asian Century?, 1-3 July 2008, Melbourne, Australia pp. 1-13. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/16087/

Hill, David. “Indonesia’s Exiled Left as the Cold War Thaws.” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 44, no. 1 (January 2010): 21–51.

Hill, David T. "Writing Lives in Exile: Autobiographies of the Indonesian Left Abroad." In Locating Life Stories: Beyond East-West Binaries in (Auto)Biographical Studies, edited by Maureen Perkins. University of Hawai'i Press, 2012. University Press Scholarship Online, 2016.  

Kakiailatu, Toeti. “Bekas Tahanan Politik G30S/PKI: Studi tentang Strategi Adaptasi Mereka terhadap Keluarga, Masyarakat dan Habitat Baru.” Thesis. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Indonesia, 1984.  

Kammen, Douglas and Faizah Zakaria. “Detention in Mass Violence: Policy and Practice in Indonesia, 1965-1968.” Critical Asian Studies 44, no. 3 (2012): 441-466.

Kartika, Dyah Ayu. “The Politicization of Psychology: The Role of Psychologists in Indonesia’s Detention Camps During New Order Era.” MA Thesis, International Institute of Social Studies, 2016.

Krisnadi, I.G. “Sistem Pertanian Kolektif Tapol Buru 1969-79.” Gerbang 4, no. 9 (April-May 2001).

Krisnadi, I.G. Tahanan Politik Pulau Buru 1969-1979. Jakarta: LP3ES, 2001.

Lestariningsih, Amurwani Dwi. Gerwani: Kisah Tapol Wanita di Kamp Plantungan. Kompas, 2011.

Margiyono and Kurniawan Tri Yunanto. Neraka Rezim Suharto: Misteri Tempat Penyiksaan Orde Baru. Spasi and VHR Book, 2007.

McBeth, John. “Prisoners of History.” Far Eastern Economic Review, February 16, 1995, 27-28.

Nugroho, Singgih. Menyintas dan Menyeberang: Perpindahan Messal Keagamaan Pasca 1965 di Pedesaan Jawa. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2008. An excellent study of single village near Salatiga and the large number of people there who joined Christian churches during and after the terror of 1965-66.

Pohlman, Annie. “Finding a Way: Women’s Stories of Daily Survival after the 1965 Killings in Indonesia.” Genocide Perspectives V: A Global Crime, Australian Voices. P. 131-145. Edited by Nikki Marczak and Kirril Shields. Sydney: University of Technology, Sydney, ePress, 2017.

Pohlman, Annie. “Janda PKI: Stigma and Sexual Violence against Communist Widows Following the 1965-1966 Massacres in Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 44, no. 129 (2016): 68-83.

Sen, Krishna. “Death of a Film Legacy: Remembering Indonesia’s Bachtiar Siagian.” The Conversation, October 12, 2015. https://theconversation.com/death-of-a-film-legacy-remembering-indonesias-bachtiar-siagian-48444.

Sipayung, Bambang Alfred. “Exiled Memories: The Collective Memory of Indonesian 1965 Exiles.” International Institute of Social Studies. Masters Thesis. The Hague, December 2011.

Sriwahyuntari, Floriberta Aning. Kromo Kiwo: Mereka yang Tak Pernah Menyerah. Yogyakarta: Insist Press, 2004.

Tapol. Treatment of Indonesian Political Prisoners: Forced Labour and Transmigration. London, 1978. Tapol, based in Britain and led by Carmel Budiardjo, issued many reports and articles on the political prisoners in Indonesia and played a crucial role in raising international awareness of the problem. See its website: http://tapol.gn.apc.org/

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesia’s Political Prisoners.” Pacific Affairs 49, no. 4 (Winter 1976-77): 625-647.

Van Klinken, Helene. “Coming Out.” Inside Indonesia no. 58 (April-June 1999): http://insideindonesia.org/content/view/692/29/

 White, Abigail. “Behind Nation-Building: Anti-Communist Repression in East Kalimantan, 1965-1980.” Honours thesis, University of British Columbia, April 2020.

Aidit, Asahan. Cinta, Perang, dan Ilusi: Antara Moskow-Hanoi: Kumpulan Cerpen Memoar. Depok: Lembaga Humaniora, 2006. The author is a younger brother of D.N. Aidit.

Aidit, Asahan. Alhamdulillah: Roman Memoar. Jakarta: Lembaga Sastra Pembebasan, 2006.

Aidit, Sobron. Memoar. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana, 2002. The author is a younger brother of D.N. Aidit.

Aidit, Sobron. Razia Agustus: Kumpulan Cerpen. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004.

Aidit, Sobron. Buku yang Dipenjarakan: Memoar Orang Terbuang. Bandung: Nuansa, 2006.

Alam, Ibarruri Putri. Roman Biografis Ibarruri Putri Alam, Anak Sulung D.N. Aidit. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2006. The author is D.N. Aidit’s daughter.

Alham, A. (Asahan Aidit). 23 Sajak Menangisi Viet Tri. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1998.

Alham, Asahan. (Asahan Aidit). Perang dan Kembang. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2001.

Budiman, Kuslan. Bendera Itu Masih Berkibar. Jakarta: Suara Bebas, 2005.

Fanggidaej, Francisca C. Memoar Perempuan Revolusioner. (Ditulis oleh Hersri Setiawan berdasarkan wawancara dengan Francisca Fanggidaej.) Yogyakarta: Galang, 2006.

Hanafi, A.M. A.M. Hanafi Menggugat. Lile, France: Edition Montblanc, 1998.

Isa, Ibrahim. Bui Tanpa Jerajak Besi: Pikiran Seorang Eksil Indonesia di Luar Negeri. Klik Books, 2011.

Isa, Ibrahim. Suara Seorang Eksil. Jakarta: Pustaka Pena, 2001.

Kembara, A. et al. Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil. Jakarta: Lontar and Yayasan Sejarah Budaya Indonesia, 2002.

Kreasi. A journal published by Indonesian exiles in Europe. It was published from Amsterdam from 1989 to 1997, and then again from 2001 to 2002.

Kusni, J.J. Negara Etnik: Beberapa Gagasan Pemberdayaan Suku Dayak. Yogyakarta: Forum Studi Perubahan dan Peradaban, 2001.

Kusni, J.J. Di Tengah Pergolakan: Turba Lekra di Klaten. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005. Originally published Limberg, Germany: Yayasan Langer, 1979.

Kusni, J.J. Membela Martabat Diri dan Indonesia: Koperasi Restoran Indonesia di Paris. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005.

Kusni, J.J. Aku Telah Dikutuk Jadi Laut: Surat-Surat Seorang Eksil kepada (Seorang) Anak Muda NU. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2007.

Mahdi, Waruno. Rekonsiliasi dan Integrasi di Masa Globalisasi. Jakarta: Suara Bebas, 2004.

Resobowo, Basuki. Bercermin di Muka Kaca: Seniman, Seni dan Masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005.

Sontani, Utuy Tatang. Di Bawah Langit tak Berbintang. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2001.  

Sontani, Utuy Tatang. Menuju Kamar Durhaka: Sepilihan Cerita Pendek Karya Sastrawan Eksil. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2002.

Henry Chambert-Loir has compiled an extensive bibliography of exile literature in Archipel 91, Paris, 2016. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/311‍ ‍

Hearman, Vannessa. “Dismantling the Fortress: East Java and the Transition to Suharto’s New Order Regime.” PhD diss., University of Melbourne, 2012.

Liem, Andre. “Perjuangan Bersenjata PKI di Blitar Selatan dan Operasi Trisula.” In John Roosa, Ayu Ratih, and Hilmar Farid, eds. Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

McVey, Ruth. “PKI Fortunes at Low Tide.” Problems of Communism (Jan-April 1971).

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesian Communism since the 1965 Coup.” Pacific Affairs 43, no. 1 (Spring 1970): 34-60.

Weatherbee, Donald. “Phoenix Supine: the Indonesian Communist Party and Armed Struggle.” in Lim Joo-Jock, ed. Armed Communist Movements in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984.

Bulletin Soeara Kita. Jakarta. Published by Yayasan Penelitian Korban Pembunuhan 1965/1966. 2000-2008. Monthly, irregular.

Pakorba Bulletin. Jakarta. Published by Paguyuban Korban Orde Baru.

Ruas. Yogyakarta. Published by Syarikat.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. Amnesty International Publications, 1977.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: Four Political Prisoners Executed. Amnesty International Publications, 1990.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: Subversion Trials in Yogyakarta. Amnesty International Publications, 1989.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: The 1965 Prisoners—A Briefing. Amnesty International Publications, 1995.

Amnesty International. Power and Impunity: Human Rights under the New Order. Amnesty International Publications, 1994.

Hardoyo. “Implikasi Penegasan Pangab Tentang Penghapusan Stigmatisasi ‘ET’ pada KTP eks-Tapol/Napol.” Jakarta, December 23, 1993, n.p.

Hardoyo. “Time to End the Cold War on Former Political Prisoners.” Inside Indonesia (March 1994): 14–15.

Yayasan Pembela Tanah Air. “50 Tahun Kemerdekaan RI dan Problem Tapol/Napol di Indonesia.” January 28, 1995.

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 3, Berakhir dan Bermula. Obor, 2013.

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. “Old State, New Society: Indonesia’s New Order in Comparative Historical Perspectives.” In Language and Power, Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, edited by Benedict Anderson, 94-120. Cornell University Press, 1990.

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G., ed. Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia. Cornell South-east Asia program, 2001.

Bourchier, David. “Crime, Law, and State Authority in Indonesia.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman, 177-211. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

Bunnell, Frederick. “Indonesia’s Quasi-Military Regime.” Current History (January 1967).

Caldwell, Malcolm, ed. Ten Years’ Military Terror in Indonesia. London: Spokesman Books, 1975. 

Cribb, Robert. “The Historical Roots of Indonesia’s New Order: Beyond the Colonial Comparison,” in Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy, ed., Soeharto’s New Order and its Legacy: Essays in honour of Harold Crouch, ANU ePress, Canberra Astralia, pp. 67-88. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p687/pdf/ch05.pdf

Crouch, Harold. “Military Politics under Indonesia’s New Order.” Pacific Affairs 45, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 206-219.

Crouch, Harold. “Generals and Business in Indonesia.” Pacific Affairs 48, no. 4 (Winter 1975-76): 519-540.

Djamaluddin, Dasman. General TNI Anumaerta Basoeki Rachmat dan Supersemar.  Jakarta: Grasindo, 1998.

Feith, Herbert. “Suharto’s Search for a Political Format,” Indonesia no. 6 (October 1968): 88-105.

Hindley, Donald. “Alirans and the Fall of the Old Order.” Indonesia no. 9 (April 1970): 23-66.

Jenkins, David. Suharto and his Generals: Indonesian Military Politics 1975-1983. Ithaca: Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project, 1984.

McDonald, Hamish. Suharto’s Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1981.

Pambudi, A. Supersemar Palsu: Kesaksian Tiga Jenderal. Jakarta: Media Pressindo, 2006.

Pauker, Guy. “Indonesia: The Year of Transition.” Asian Survey 7, no. 2 (February 1967): 138-150.

Pauker, Guy. “Toward a New Order in Indonesia.” Foreign Affairs 45, no. 3 (April 1967): 503-519.  ]

Pohan, Y. Who Were the Real Plotters of the Coup against President Soekarno’s Government? Amsterdam: Indonesia Media Foundation, 1988.

Reeve, David. “The Corporatist State: The Case of Golkar.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman. Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990.

Robison, Richard. “Toward a Class Analysis of the Indonesian Military Bureaucratic State.” Indonesia 25 (April 1978): 17-39.

Robison, Richard. “Culture, Politics, and Economy in the Political History of the New Order.” Indonesia no. 31 (October 1980): 1-29.

Schwarz, Adam. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1994.

Siregar, M.R. Naiknya para Jenderal. Medan: Sumatera Human Rights Watch Network, 2000.

Soe Hok Gie. Catatan Seorang Demonstran. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1989.

Southwood, Julie, and Patrick Flanagan. Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror. London: Zed Press, 1983.

Sulastomo. Hari-Hari yang Panjang: Transisi Orde Lama ke Orde Baru: Sebuah Memoar. Kompas, 2008.

Sutley, Stewart. “The Indonesian ‘New Order’ as New Sovereign Space: Its Creation and Narrative of Self-concealment.” Space and Polity 4, no. 2 (2000): 131-152.

Tanter, Richard. “The Totalitarian Ambition: Intelligence and Security Agencies in Indonesia.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman, 215-288. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1990.

Utrecht, Ernst. Indonesie’s Nieuwe Orde: Ontbinding en Neokolonisatie. Amsterdam: van Gennep, 1970.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesia: The Battle of the ‘Old’ and the ‘New Order.’” Australian Outlook 21 (April 1967): 18-43.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Sukarno’s Fall.” Orbis 11 (Summer 1967): 491-531.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Sukarno, the Ideologue.” Pacific Affairs 41, no. 2 (Summer 1968): 245-249.

Van der Kroef, Justus. Indonesia After Sukarno. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1971.

Vittachi, Tarzie. The Fall of Sukarno. New York: Praeger, 1967.

Wardaya, Baskara T. Bung Karno Menggugat! Dari Marhaen, CIA, Pembantaian Massal ’65 hingga G30S. Yogyakarta: Galangpress, 2006.

Wardaya, Baskara T. Membongkar Supersemar! Dari CIA hingga Kudeta Merangkak Melawan Bung Karno. Yogyakarta: Galangpress, 2007.

Wardaya, Baskara T., ed. Suara di Balik Prahara: Berbagi Narasi Tentang Tragedi 65. Yogyakarta: Galang Press ; Jakarta: Buku Kita, 2011.  

Wertheim, W.F. et al. Tien Jaar Onrecht in Indonesië: Militaire Dictatuur en Internationale Steun. Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1976.

Wieringa, Saskia. “The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism,” Journal of Women’s History 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 70-91.

Wikipedia Encyclopedia. “Supersemar”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersemar This is an excellent entry, carefullly written and helpfully illustrated.

Anshori, Aan. “Kemenangan Faksi Militan; Jejak Kelam Elit Nadhlatul Ulama akhir September-October 1965.” Jurnal Khazanah: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora 14, no, 1 (June 2017), 1-25.

Ahmad, Rofiqul-Umam. Rafiuddin Munis Tamar. Mohamad Zamroni: Tokoh Kunci Angkatan ’66. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2006.

Anwar, Rosihan. Peranan Intelligentsia Militer dan Pendidikan dalam Proses Modernisasi. Djakarta: Media Raya, 1966.

Anwar, Rosihan. Hubungan Sipil-Militer diberbagai Negeri. Jakarta : Study Group “Mahasiswa Tjempaka Putih,” 1967.

Batubara, Cosmos. Sebuah Otobiografi Politik. Jakarta: Kompas, 2007.

Glassburner, Bruce. “Political Economy and the Suharto Regime.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 14, no. 3 (November 1978): 24-51.

Dhakidae, Daniel. Cendekiawan dan Kekuasaan dalam Negara Orde Baru. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2003.

Deliar Noer. Mohammad Hatta: Biografi Politik. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1990: 604-650.

Leksana, Grace. “Collaboration in Mass Violence: The Case of the Indonesian Anti-Leftist Mass Killings in 1965-66 in East Java.” Journal of Genocide Research 23, no. 1 (2021), 58-80.

Mandan, Arief Mudatsir, ed. Subchan Z.E. Sang Maestro: Politisi Intelektual dari Kalangan NU Modern. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2001.

Malik, Adam. “Promise in Indonesia.” Foreign Affairs 46, no. 2 (January 1968): 292-303.

Malik, Adam. Mengabdi Republik. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1978. English translation: In the Service of the Republic. Singapore: Gunung Agung, 1980.

Pauker, Guy. “Indonesia: The Age of Reason?” Asian Survey 16, no. 12 (December 1976): 1197-1201.

Pandoe, H. Marthias Dusky. A Nan Takana (Apa yang Teringat): Memoar Seorang Wartawan. Jakarta: Kompas, 2001. Pandoe was an anti-communist journalist who co-founded the newspaper, Aman Makmur, in Padang in 1963. He describes his collaboration with army officers in running the paper and attacking the PKI after October 1965 (pp. 133-155). He mentions attending the 10th conference of the World Anti-Communist League in Tapei in 1977 where his fellow delegate from Indonesia, Muhammad Roem, recounted the killing of “hundreds of thousands, if not millions of communists” as a matter of pride (p. 225).

Prawiro, Loka Manya. Radius Prawiro Diantara Para Tokoh. Yogyakarta: Andi, 2006.

Ransom, David. “The Berkeley Mafia and the Indonesian Massacres.” Ramparts, October 9, 1970.

Ransom, David. “Ford Country: Building an Elite for Indonesia.” In The Trojan Horse: A Radical Look at Foreign Aid, edited by Steve Weissman. Palo Alto: Ramparts Press, 1975.

Ryter, Loren. “Pemuda Pancasila: The Last Loyalist Free Men of Suharto’s Order?” In Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia, edited by Benedict Anderson, 124-55. Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2001.

Seda, Frans. Simfoni tanpa Henti: Ekonomi Politik Masyarakat Baru Indonesia. Jakarta: Atma Jaya and Gramedia, 1992.

Simpson, Brad. Economists with Guns. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Soedarmanta, J. B. Mempertahankan Cita-Cita, Menjaga Spirit dan Perjuangan : Refleksi 80 Tahun Harry Tjan Silalahi. Obor, 2014.

Suherman, Endang, Marmi Panti Hidayah, Iskandar Helmi and Haris Fadillah. 60 Hari Yang Mengguncang Dunia: Peristiwa G30S/PKI : Mahasiswa Melawan Kiri. Jakarta: Dewan Pakar DPP Laskar Ampera, Arief Rachman Hakim Angkatan ’66, 2016.

Thee Kian Wie, ed., Recollections: The Indonesian Economy, 1950s-1990s. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003. Translated into Indonesian as: Pekaku Berkisah: Ekonomi Indonesia 1950-an sampai 1990-an. Jakarta: Kompas, 2005.

Winters, Jeffrey. Power in Motion: Capital Mobility and the Indonesian State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Bunnell, Frederick. “American ‘Low Posture’ Policy Toward Indonesia in the Months Leading up to the 1965 ‘Coup.’” Indonesia no. 50 (October 1990): 29-60.

Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968. Vol. 26, Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore, Philippines. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001. Available online: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/

Easter, David. “‘Keep the Indonesian Pot Boiling’: Western Covert Intervention in Indonesia, October 1965—March 1966.” Cold War History 5, no. 1 (February 2005): 55-73.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1468274042000283144?casa_token=mHszVRheonMAAAAA:3EE14_s2CSun0AHXZgc4ZkhV0cha4cMnpAp_z8LTdcwNXCCRA-MpfNx2dz2RUDB1A8wN4oV7Vesx

Gardner, Paul. Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years of U.S.-Indonesian Relations. Boulder: Westview, 1997.

Green, Marshall. Indonesia: Crisis and Transformation, 1965-67. Washington: Compass Press, 1990.

Hilsman, Roger. To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. New York: Delta, 1967.

Horton, William Bradley. “Guy Pauker and US-Indonesia Relationships of the 1950s-1970s.” Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 29 (October 2017): 85-104.

Jones, Howard. Indonesia: The Possible Dream. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

Kahin, George, and Audrey Kahin. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: New Press, 1995.

Lashman, Paul, and James Oliver. “How We Lied to Put a Killer in Power.” Independent, April 16, 2000.

Maxwell, Neville. “CIA Involvement in the 1965 Military Coup.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 251-252.

McClintock, Michael, Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerilla Warfare, Counter-Insurgency, and Counter-Terrorism, 1940-1990. Pantheon Books, 1990.

Mehr, Nathaniel and Carmel Budiardjo. Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The United States, Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 195-66. Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 2009.

Robinson, Geoffrey. Kudeta Angkatan Darat: Peran Amerika Membangun Rejim Suharto [The Army Coup: America’s Role in Creating the Suharto Regime.] Jakarta: Teplok Press, 2000.

Scott, Peter Dale. “Exporting Military-Economic Development: America and the Overthrow of Sukarno.” In Ten Years’ Military Terror in Indonesia, edited by Malcolm Caldwell. Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation for Spokesman Books, 1975.

Scott, Peter Dale. Peran CIA Dalam Penggulingan Sukarno. Yogyakarta: Med Press, 2007.

Setiyawan, Dahlia Gratia. The Cold War in the City of Heroes: U.S.-Indonesian Relations and Anti-Communist Operations in Surabaya, 1963-65. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles, 2014.

Simpson, Brad, Economists with Guns. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Tovar, Hugh, “The Indonesian Crisis of 1965-1967: A Retrospective.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 7 (Fall 1994).

Zhou, Taomo. Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia, and the Cold War. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Aveling, Harry. “Indonesian Writers and the Left, Before 1965.” RIMA 4, nos. 1-2 (January-June 1970).

Foulcher, Keith. “The Manifesto is Not Dead”: Indonesian Literary Politics Thirty Years On. Clayton, Vic., Australia : Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1994. 22 p.

George, Ken. “Some Things That Have Happened to The Sun After September 1965: Politics and the Interpretation of an Indonesian Painting.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 39, no. 4 (1997): 599-634.

Goodfellow, Rob. “Api Dalam Sekam: The New Order and the Ideology of Anti-Communism.” Monash University, Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Working Paper 95, 1995.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Sweet Potato Dreaming: Development, Displacement and Food Crisis in South Blitar, East Java, 1968.” Global Food History 1 (2015), 81-102.

Hill, David T. “The Two Leading Institutions: Taman Ismail Marzuki and Horison.” In V.M. Hooker, ed. Culture and Society in New Order Indonesia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993: 245-262.

Ismail, Taufiq. Matine Gusti Allah: Riwayat Palu Arit Sedunia Menajiskan Tuhan dan Agama: Asal Mula Marx-Lenin Menanam Benih Anti-Tuhan, Anti-Agama, dan Laporan (1945-2015) dari Uni Sovyet, Hongaria, Yugoslavia, Cekoslowakia, Polandia, Tiongkok, Kamboja, Indonesia. Jagakarsa, Jakarta: Mahaka Publishing, 2015.

Jassin, H.B. Angkatan ’66: Prosa dan Puisi. 2 vols. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1980. First published 1968.

Kayam, Umar. Seribu Kunang2 di Manhattan: Enam Tjerita Pendek. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1972.

Kayam, Umar. Sri Sumarah dan Bawuk. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1975. Translated into English by Harry Aveling: Sri Sumarah and Other Stories. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann, 1980.

Kayam, Umar. Semangat Indonesia: Suatu Perjalanan Budaya. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1985.

Kayam, Umar. Mangan Ora Mangan Kumpul. Jakarta: Grafiti, 1991.

Kayam, Umar. Titipan Umar Kayam: Sekumpulan Kolom di Majalah Tempo. Jakarta: Tempo, 2002.

Lubis, Mochtar. We Indonesians. Trans. Florence Lamoureux. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Southeast Asian Studies, 1979.

Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih. Manusia Ulang-Alik: Biografi Umar Kayam. Jogyakarta: Eja, 2007.

Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan MPRS Republik Indonesia No: XXV/MPRS/1966 tentang Pembubaran Partai Komunis Indonesia, Pernjataan Sebagai Organisasi Terlarang Diseluruh Wilajah Republik Indonesia bagi Partai Komunis Indonesia dan Larangan Setiap Kegiatan Untuk Menjebarkan Paham atau Adjaran Komunis/Marxisme-Leninisme. July 5, 1966.

Moeljanto, D.S. and Ismail, Taufiq, eds. Prahaya Budaya: Kilas-balik Ofensif Lekra/PKI. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.

Moertopo, Ali. Himpunan Pidato Menteri Penerangan RI 1978-1982: Peningkatan Penerangan yang Berwibawa. Departemen Penerangan, 1983.

Ratih, Gusti Agung Ayu. “Soeharto’s New Order State: Imposed Illusions, Invented Legitimations.” Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Spring 1997.

Rosidi, Ajip. “Manifes Kebudayaan dan KKPI.” Horison (January 1987 and February 1987); “Masa Lalu Sebagai Sejarah” (August 1987).

Rosidi, Ajip. Hidup Tanpa Ijazah: Yang Terekam dalam Kenangan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2008.

Sen, Krishna. Indonesian Cinema: Framing the New Order. London: Zed Press, 1994.

Soekito, Wiratmo. “Catatan mengenai Manifes Kebudayaan.” In Kasijanto and S.D. Damono, eds., Tifa Budaya. Jakarta: Leppenas, 1981.

Soekito, Wiratmo. “Satyagraha Hoerip atau Apologi pro vita Lekra.” Horison 11 (1982): 345-349.

Soekito, Wiratmo. Kesusastraan dan Kekuasaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Arus, 1984.

Van, Michael G. “Tropical Cold War Horror: Penumpasan Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI and the Traumatized Culture of Suharto’s New Order.” In The Cold War and Asian Cinemas, ed. Poshek Fu and Man-Fung Yip. New York: Routledge, 2019.  

Ajidarma, Seno Gumira. Kalatidha. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2006.

Aveling, Harry. Editor and translator. Gestapu: Indonesian Short Stories on the Abortive Communist Coup of 30th September 1965. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Southeast Asian Working Paper no. 6. 1975

Februana, Ngarto. Tapol. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2002.

Marga T. Kuraih…Namun Tak Terjangkau. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2000.

Massardi, Noorca M. September. Solo: Tiga Serangkai, 2006.

Massardi, Yudhistira ANM. Mencoba Tidak Menyerah. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Benteng Budaya, 1996; originally published: Jakarta: Gramedia, 1979.

Rosidi, Ajip. Anak Tanah Air. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1985. Republished in 2008.

Tohari, Ahmad. Kubah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.

Tohari, Ahmad. Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1982. Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1985. Jantera Bianglala. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1986. These three books form a trilogy about how a village in Central Java was transformed by the violence of 1965-66. All three books have been translated into English and published as a single volume: The Dancer. Trans. René Lysloff. Jakarta: Lontar Foundation, 2003. A short excerpt of this translation appears as: “The Village Dancer.” Trans. René Lysloff. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 13-23.

Utami, Ayu. Larung. Jakarta: KPG, 2001.

Wahyu H.R. Dongeng Hitam. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kaldron, 2013.

Wieringa, Saskia. Lubang Buaya. Translated from Dutch by T. Utomo. Jakarta: Metafor, 2003.

A Daughter’s Memory. Animation. Directed by Kartika Pratiwi, produced by Kitak Hitam Forum. 2019. A short animation film about one victim, Svetlana Dayani Njoto’s, personal recollections of 1965.

Dialita. Choir women’s ensemble of 1965 survivors. Aside from performances, they have released an album titled Dialita: Dunia Milik Kita. See https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/12/18/dialita-choir-a-celebration-of-hope.html ; https://gwangjunewsgic.com/features/profile/the-dialita-choir/b . Listen to their full album here on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XYaR8gXc6A&ab_channel=WENEEDMOREMUSIC . Full album is also available on Spotify.

Lentera Merah. Film by Hanung Bramantyo. Indonesia. Released 2006. A horror film about a female student murdered in 1965 coming back as a ghost to haunt the children of her murderers.

Menyemai Terang dalam Kelam. Documentary. Directed by I.G.P. Wiranegara. Released as a DVD by Lembaga Kreatifitas Kemunusiaan, Jakarta, not dated, c. 2006.

Missing. Artwork installation by Dadang Christanto, 2018. Imagined portraits of 1965 victims in acrylics and charcoal mediums. Dadang lost his father to 1965 massacres and created a lifetime of artworks in dialogue with this pain. See https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2018/10/09/dadang-christanto-art-missing

Terlena: Breaking of a Nation. Documentary. Directed by Andre Vltchek. Released by Millache Productions, 2004. 

Sekeping Kenangan (A Fragment of Memory). Film by Komunitas Taman 65 Bali, released in 2018. This amateur film follows the recording of an album of prison songs by former political prisoners at Pekambingan penitentiary, Denpasar, Bali. The album is called “Prison Songs: Nyanian yang Dibungkam.” Victims’ memories and songs were also published in a book and music CD, Prison Songs, in 2015. See https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/24/balis-youths-in-search-of-1965-history.html and https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/10/08/can-prison-songs-help-heal-wounds-indonesias-1965-massacre

Purbaya, Rangga. Photographer. Projects exploring 1965 include Stories Left Untold, Investigating Boentardjo, Letter To The Lost One, and Landscape Of Deception. Purbaya’s grandfather was disappeared in the 1965-66 massacres. See: https://www.helunliang.com/post/rangga-purbaya ; https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/fighting-impunity-through-family-stories-photography-indonesias-1965-killings

Nyanyi Sunyi Kembang Kembang Genjer. Drama script about women’s memories of 1965. By Faiza Mardzoeki. Published by Ultimus, 2016.

Ingat 65. Digital storytelling movement to educate youth about 1965. https://medium.com/ingat-65  Listen to podcasts here: https://soundcloud.com/ingat65 .

R.Nasution(writer),D.S.W.Yanar(producer), Pulau Buru Tanah Air Beta. 2016. Documentary following two ex-political prisoners’ return to Pulau Buru.

Adam, Asvi Warman. Pelurusan Sejarah Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Tride, 2004.

Anderson, Benedict. “Impunity and Reenactment: Reflections on the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia and its Legacy.” The Asia Pacific Journal 11, no. 4 (April 2013).

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. “Bung Karno and the Fossilization of Soekarno’s Thought.” Indonesia no. 74 (October 2002): 1–20.

Budiawan. “When Memory Challenges History: Public Contestation of the Past on Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 28, no. 2 (2000): 35-57.

Budiawan. Mematahkan Pewarisan Ingatan: Wacana Anti-Komunis dan Politik Rekonsiliasi Pasca-Soeharto. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004. This book is the Indonesian translation of the author’s doctoral dissertation at the National University of Singapore: “Breaking the Immortalized Past: Anti-Communist Discourse and Reconciliatory Politics in Post-Soeharto Indonesia,” (2003).

Conroe, Andrew Marc. “Generating History: Violence and the Risks of Remembering for Families of Former Political Prisoners in Post-New Order Indonesia.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2012.

Djakababa, Yosef. “Narasi Resmi dan Alternatif Mengenai Tragedi ‘65.” In Luka Bangsa Luka KIta: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 361-69. Galang Press, 2014.

Dwyer, Leslie. “The Intimacy of Terror: Gender and the Violence of 1965-66 in Bali.” Intersections, no. 10 (August 2004). http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue10/dwyer.html

Dwyer, Leslie. “A Politics of Silences: Violence, Memory and Treacherous Speech in Post-1965 Bali.” In Genocide: Truth, Memory and Representation, ed. Alexander Laban Hinton and Kevin Lewis O’Neill (Duke University Press, 2009), 113-146.

Dwyer, Leslie. “Speaking from the Shadows: Memory and Mass Violence in Bali.” In After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Ed. Albrecht Schnabel, Beatrice Pouligny and Simon Chesterman. United Nations University Press, 2006. 190-214.

Eickhoff, Martijn, Donny Danardono, Tjahjono Rahardjo & Hotmauli Sidabalok. “The Memory Landscapes of “1965” in Semarang.” Journal of Genocide Research, 19:4(2017,530-550.

Fox, James J. “The Memories of Village Santri from Jombang in East Java” (with Pradjarto Dirjosanjoto) in R. J. May and W.J. O’Malley, eds., Observing Change in Asia: Essays in Honor of J.A.C. Mackie. Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1989.

Hadiz, Vedi. “The Left and Indonesia’s 1960s: The Politics of Remembering and Forgetting.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 7, no. 4 (2006): 554-569.

Hadiz, Vedi R. (2000) ‘Retrieving the past for the future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 28, no. 2: 11–34.

Hearman, Vanessa. “Under Duress: Suppressing and recovering memories of the Indonesian Sixties.” Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South 1, no. 1 (2013): 5-25.

Heryanto, Ariel. Identity and Pleasure: The Politics of Indonesian Screen Culture. NUS Press, 2014.

Heryanto, Ariel. State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging. Routledge, 2006.

Heryanto, Ariel. “Where Communism Never Dies: Violence, Trauma and Narration in the Last Cold War Capitalist Authoritarian State.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (1999): 147-177.

Hoadley, Anna-Gretta Nilsson. Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy: The Aftermath of 1965-66. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2005.

Kasemin, Kasiyanto. Mendamaikan Sejarah: Analisis Wacana Pencabutan TAP MPRS/XXV/1966. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2004.

Keller, Anett. Indonesien 1965ff. Die Gegenwart eines Massenmordes. Ein Politische Lesebuch. Regiospectra, 2015.

Kok, Jean van de, Robert Cribb, and M. Heins. “1965 and All That: History in the Politics of the New Order.” RIMA (Summer 1991).

Kuddus, R. 2017. ‘The Ghosts of 1965. Politics and Memory in Indonesia’, New Left Review 104:45-92.

Kurniawati, Asti. “Gunung Kidul 1965-an: Kontestasi Penguasa Partai dan Politik Ingatan Rakyat.” In Budi Susanto, ed., Ingat(!)an: Hikmat Indonesia Masa Kini, Hikmah Masa Lalu Rakyat. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2005.

Leksana, Grace. “Embedded Remembering: Memory culture of the 1954 violence in rural East Java.” Doctoral Thesis, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, Leiden University (2020).

McGregor, Katharine E. “Commemoration of 1 October, ‘Hari Kesaktian Pancasila’: A Post Mortem Analysis?” Asian Studies Review 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 39-72.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Representing the Indonesian Past: The National Monument History Museum from Guided Democracy to the New Order.” Indonesia no. 75 (April 2003): 91-122.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Nugroho Notosusanto : the legacy of a historian in the service of an authoritarian regime.” Zurbachen, Mary, ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

McGregor, Katharine E. History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia's Past. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2007.

McGregor, Katharine E. "Memory studies and human rights in Indonesia." In Ways of Knowing about Human Rights in Asia, 1 ed., edited by Mackie, Vera, 58-69. Routledge, 2016.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Cold War Scripts: Comparing Remembrance of the Malayan Emergency and the 1965 violence in Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24, no. 2 (2016): 242-260.

McGregor, Katherine. “A Bridge and a Barrier: Islam, Reconciliation, and the 1965 Killings in Indonesia.” In Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace, edited by Birgit Bräuchler, 214-232. Routledge, 2009.

McGregor, Katherine. “Mass Graves and Memories of the 1965 Indonesian Killings.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katherine McGregor, 234-262. National University of Singapore Press, 2012.

Oppenheimer, Joshua, and Michael Uwemedimo. “Show of Force: A Cinema-Séance of Power and Violence in Sumatra’s Plantation Belt.” Critical Quarterly 51, no. 1 (2009): 84-110.

Pohlman, Annie. “No Place to Remember: Haunting and the Search for Mass Graves in Indonesia.” In Places of Traumatic Memory: A Global Context, p. 61-88, ed. Amy L. Hubbell, Natsuko Akagawa, Sol Rojas-Lizana and Annie Pohlman. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2020.

Pohlman, Annie. “Telling Stories about Torture in Indonesia: Managing Risk in a Culture of Impunity.” Oral History Forum 33 (2014), Special Issue “Confronting Mass Atrocities.” http://www.oralhistoryforum.ca/index.php/ohf/article/view/529

Roosa, John. “Interview with Joshua Oppenheimer.” Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice 18, no. 3 (2014): 413-422.

Roosa, John. “Who Knows? Oral History Methods in the Study of the Massacres of 1965-66 in Indonesia.” Oral History Forum d’histoire orale  33 (2013), Special Issue “Confronting Mass Atrocities.”

Roosa, John. "The Truths of Torture: Victims' Memories and State Histories in Indonesia." Indonesia, no. 85 (2008): 31-49.  

Santikarma, Degung. “Monument, document, and mass grave : the politics of representing violence in Bali.” In Mary Zurbachen, ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

Santoso, Aboeprijadi & Gerry van Klinken. “Genocide Finally Enters Public Discourse: The International People’s Tribunal 1965,” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017), 594-608.

Schulte Nordholt, H. (2004). De-colonising Indonesian historiography ; paper delivered at the Centre for Eastand South-East Asian Studies public lecture series "Focus Asia", 25-27 May, 2004. (Working papers incontemporary Asian studies; No. 6). Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University.http://www.ace.lu.se/publications/workingpapers/nordholt.pdf  

Setiawan, Hersri. Kamus Gestok. Galang Press, 2003.

Setiawan, Ken, “Between Law, Politics and Memory: The Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas Ham) and Justice for Past Human Rights Crimes (August 28, 2018).” Australian Journal of Asian Law 19, no. 1 (2018), article 8.

Setiawan, Ken. ‘From Hope to Disillusion: the Paradox of Komnas HAM, the Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights’, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 172, no. 1 (2016), 1-32.

Setiyawan, D.G. "I can still hear them weeping": 20th century fiction as a source for Indonesian conceptualizations of the 1965-66 mass killings. Explorations: A graduate student journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2007), 23-35.

Stoler, Ann Laura. “On the Uses and Abuses of the Past in Indonesia: Beyond the Mass Killings of 1965.” Asian Survey 42, no. 4 (July-August 2002): 642-650.

Tashwirul Afkar. “Peristiwa ’65-’66: Tragedi, Memori, dan Rekonsiliasi.” No. 15 (2003). This is a NU journal that published a special issue on 1965.

Taum, Yosef Yapi. Sastra dan Politik: Representasi Tragedi 1965 dalam Negara Orde Baru. Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta Sanata Dharma University Press. 2015.

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. Representasi Tragedi 1965: Kajian New Historicism Atas Teks-teks Sastra dan Nonsastra Tahun 1966-1998. Thesis (PhD) -- University Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2012.

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. “Spoken and Silent Witness: Representations of the 1965 Tragedy in Indonesian Collective Memory.” Arah Reformasi Indonesia: Sejarah dan Pendidikan. No. 38 (February 2008), 1-26. https://repository.usd.ac.id/5106/1/971_2008+Spoken+and+Silent+Wittness.pdf

Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta. “The 3rd Literary Studies Conference: The 1965 Coup in Indonesia: Questions of Representation 50 Years Later.” 21-22 October 2015. https://www.usd.ac.id/seminar/lsc/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Proceeding-the-3rd-LSC-2015.pdf

van Klinken, Gerry. “The Battle for History after Suharto.” Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (September 2001): 323-350. Reprinted in Mary Zurbachen, ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

Vickers, Adrian and Katharine E. McGregor. “Public Debates about History Comparative Notes from Indonesia.” History Australia 2, no. 2 (2005). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.923.5045&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Vickers, Adrian. “Where are the Bodies: The Haunting of Indonesia.” The Public Historian 32, no. 1 (2010), 45-58.  

Wahid, Salahuddin. Negeri di Balik Kabut Sejarah: Catatan-Catatan Pendek. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2000.

Wieringa, Saskia. “Persisting Silence: Sexual Slander, Mass Murder, and The Act of Killing.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 20, no. 3 (2014): 50-76.

Zurbuchen, Mary, ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

 Zurbuchen, Mary. “History, Memory, and the ‘1965 Incident’ in Indonesia.” Asian Survey 42, no. 4 (July-August 2002): 564-581.  

Wieringa, Saskia. “When a History Seminar Becomes Toxic: A Reading of the Attack on LBH Jakarta in September 2017.” Archipel 95 (2018), 195-210.

Vann, Michael G. “Murder, Museums, and Memory: Cold War Public History in Jakarta, Ho Chi Minh City, and Phnom Penh.” In Genocide and Mass Violence in Asia, ed. Frank Jacob. Berlin; Boston, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2019. Page 189-213.

Adam, Asvi Warman. “Penyelidikan Pelanggaran HAM Berat Soeharto.” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 267-71. Galang Press, 2014.

Asia Justice and Rights. Enduring Impunity: Women Surviving Atrocities in the Absence of Justice. Asia Justice and Rights, 2015.

Asia Justice and Rights. Surviving on Their Own: Women’s Experiences of War, Peace, and Impunity. Asia Justice and Rights, 2014.

Haryanto, Alexander. “Negara Hadir untuk Jujur pada Sejarah.” Tirto, 17 May 2016. https://tirto.id/negara-hadir-untuk-jujur-pada-sejarah-8Yw

Hatley, Ronnie. “ ‘Truth Takes a While, Justice Even Longer.’ “ Inside Indonesia 112 (April-June 2013).

Hearman, Vannessa. “Contesting Victimhood in the Indonesian Anti-Communist Violence and its Implications for Justice for the Victims of the 1968 South Blitar Trisula Operations in East Java.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017), 512-529. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623528.2017.1393943?needAccess=true

Isnaeni, Hendri F. “Ariel Heryanto: Negara Harus Meminta Maaf.” Historia, 18 April 2016. https://historia.id/politik/articles/ariel-heryanto-negara-harus-meminta-maaf-PKNqg/page/1

International Center for Transitional Justice and Kontras. Derailed: Transitional Justice in Indonesia since the Fall of Soeharto. International Center for Transitional Justice and Kontras, 2011.

IPT 1965 Foundation, Final Report of the International People’s Tribunal on Crimes Against Humanity in Indonesia 1965/ Laporan akhir Pengadilan Rakyat Internasional 1965. Bandung: Ultimus, 2017.

Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM). “Pernyataan Komnas HAM tentang Hasil Penyelidikan Pelanggaran HAM Berat Peristiwa 1965-1966.” July 13, 2012.

Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM). “Laporan Akhir Tim Pengkajian Pelanggaran HAM Berat Soeharto (Sub-Tim Pengkajian Kasus 1965).” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 273-347. Galang Press, 2014.

Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM). Ringkasan Eksekutif Hasil Penyelidikan Tim Ad Hoc Penyelidikan Pelanggaran HAM yang Berat Peristiwa 1965-1966. July 23, 2012. In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 25-257. Galang Press, 2014.

Komnas HAM. National Symposium in _______. “Dissecting the Tragedy of 1965: A Historical Approach.” April 18-19, 2016. This symposium was criticized by victims for focusing heavily on reconciliation instead of on justice, reparations or fact-finding.

Lamasitudju, Nurlaela A. K. “Rekonsiliasi dan Pernyataan Maaf Pak Wali Kota.” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya. Galang Press, 2014.

McGregor, Katharine. “Half a century on, victims’ voices still haunt a democratic Indonesia.” The Conversation. 11 April 2014. https://theconversation.com/half-a-century-on-victims-voices-haunt-a-democratic-indonesia-24892

McGregor, Katharine. “What’s wrong with contemporary Indonesia?” Inside Indonesia 107 (Jan-March 2012), https://www.insideindonesia.org/what-s-wrong-with-contemporary-indonesia-2

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Memories of violence: Forbidden, not forgotten.” Indonesia at Melbourne, 28 October 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/memories-of-violence-forbidden-not-forgotten/

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Remembering 1965 across generations.” Indonesia at Melbourne, 30 September 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/remembering-1965-across-generations/

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Indonesia on trial: Rights activists face backlash.” Indonesia at Melbourne, 18 December 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/international-peoples-tribunal-activists-face-backlash/

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Shining a Light on Police Complicity in 1965.” New Mandala. 2 November 2015. https://www.newmandala.org/shining-a-light-on-police-complicity-in-1965/

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “The IPT 1965 is a historic moral intervention. Will it finally lead to action?” Indonesia at Melbourne, 29 July 2016. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/the-ipt-1965-is-a-historic-moral-intervention-will-it-finally-lead-to-action/

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Indonesia takes a small but critical step towards reconciliation.” Indonesia at Melbourne, 26 April 2016. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/indonesia-takes-a-small-but-critical-step-toward-reconciliation/

Nugroho, Johannes. “Indonesia Can Learn from Timor Leste on Human Rights.” Jakarta Globe, July 21, 2015. https://jakartaglobe.id/opinion/johannes-nugroho-indonesia-can-learn-timor-leste-human-rights#goog_rewarded

Olliver, Chloe. “Reconciling NU and the PKI.” Inside Indonesia, July 26, 2007. https://www.insideindonesia.org/archive/articles/reconciling-nu-and-the-pki

Pohlman, Annie E. (2016) "A Year of Truth and the Possibilities for Reconciliation in Indonesia," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 10: Iss. 1: 60-78.

Purdey, Jemma. “The 1965-66 Mass Killings in Indonesia: Recent Developments Towards Historical Justice.” Australian Policy and History. September 2013. https://aph.org.au/2017/11/the-1965-66-mass-killings-in-indonesia-recent-developments-towards-historical-justice/#

Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.

Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia.

Setiawan, Ken. “The Omnipresent Past: Rethinking Transitional Justice through Digital Storytelling on Indonesia’s 1965 Violence.” In Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Asia and the Pacific. Ed. Lia Kent, Joanne Wallis, Claire Cronin. Australia: ANU Press, 2019. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n6044/pdf/ch03.pdf

Setiawan, Ken. “Righting Impunity through Family Stories: Photography and Indonesia’s 1965 Killings.” International Institute for Asian Studies. Summer 2018. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/fighting-impunity-through-family-stories-photography-indonesias-1965-killings  

Wardaya, Baskara T. “Reconciliation without Politics?” Inside Indonesia ed. 122 (Oct-December 2015), 30 September 2015.

Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. “Seducing for Truth and Justice: Civil Society Initiatives for the 1965 Mass Violence in Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 1 December 2013. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/186810341303200306

Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. “Towards Post-Transitional Justice: The Failures of Transitional Justice and the Roles of Civil Society in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 3, no. 1 (June 2019).

Wahyuningroem, Ayu. “Tribunal Rakyat Internasional: Menolak Bungkam, Melawan Impunitas (Bagian 1 & 2).” IndoProgress.com. 4 and 6 November 2015. https://indoprogress.com/penulis/ayu-wahyuningroem/

Wahyuningroem, Ayu. “Working from the Margins: Initiatives for Truth and Reconciliation for Victims of the 1965 Mass Violence in Solo and Palu.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 335-356. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “When a History Seminar Becomes Toxic.” Inside Indonesia 130 (Oct-Dec 2017). https://www.insideindonesia.org/when-a-history-seminar-becomes-toxic

Wieringa, Saskia E., Jess Melvin and Annie Pohlman, eds. The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian Genocide. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

Abdullah, Saleh, ed. Usaha untuk Tetap Mengenang: Kisah-kisah Anak-anak Korban Peristiwa 65. Jakarta: Yappika, 2003.

Hearman, Vannessa. “The Uses of Memoirs and Oral History Works in Researching the 1965-1966 Political Violence in Indonesia.” International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 5, no. 2 (July 2009): 21-42.

Kurniawati, Asti. “Gunung Kidul 1965-an: Kontestasi Penguasa Partai dan Politik Ingatan Rakyat.” In Ingat(!)an: Hikmat Indonesia, Masa Kini, Hikmah Masa Lalu Rakyat, edited by Budi Susanto. Yogyakarta: Lembaga Studi Realino and Penerbit Kanisius, 2005, pp. 153-204.

Roosa, John. Ayu Ratih and Hilmar Farid. eds. Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Pengalaman Korban ’65: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

Sasongko, Haryo. ed. Menembus Tirai Asap: Kesaksian Tahanan Politik 1965. Jakarta: Lontar, 2003.

Siauw Tiong Djin, ed. Ureca Berperan dalam Pembangunan Bangsa. Perkumpulan Res Publica Indonesia, 2014.

Sumarwan, Antonius. Menyeberangi Sungai Air Mata: Kisah Tragis Tapol ’65 dan Upaya Rekonsiliasi. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007.

Susanti, Fransisca Ria. Kembang-Kembang Genjer. Jakarta: Lembaga Sastra Pembebasan, 2006.

Sukanta, Putu Oka, editor. Translated by Jennifer Lindsay. Breaking the Silence: Survivors Speak about 1965-66 Violence in Indonesia. Monash University Press: 2014.

Sukanta,Putu Oka. Cahaya Mata sang Pewaris: Kisah Nyata Anak- Cucu Korban Tragedi’65. Bandung: Ultimus, 2016.

Yayasan Tifa. Saatnya Korban Bicara: Menata Derap Merajut Langkah. Tifa, 2009.

Komunitas Taman 65. Melawan Lupa: Narasi2 Komunitas Taman 65. Taman 65 Press, 2012.

Pohlman, Annie. “Reports by Human Rights and Victim Advocacy Organizations in Indonesia: Reconciling the Violence of 1965,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32 (no. 3), 2013: 143–165. International People’s Tribunal 1965. https://www.tribunal1965.org/

Yayasan Penelitian Korban Pembunuhan 1965–66/Institute for Research into the Victims of the 1965–66 Killings. Founded in 1999 to collect information about the killings.