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Nurdin A.S., M. Supardjo Direnggut Kalong. Jakarta: Varia, 1967.

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Pusat Penerangan Angkatan Darat. Fakta-fakta Persoalan Sekitar ‘Gerakan 30 September.’ Penerbitan Chusus. Nos. 1-3. Jakarta, October to December, 1965.

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Soebekti. Hari-Hari Terakhir Aidit. Yogyakarta: Kedaulatan Rakjat, 1966. 98 p.

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Central Intelligence Agency, Indonesia – 1965: The Coup that Backfired (Washington: CIA, 1968). This report can be downloaded for free: http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/ESAU/esau-40.pdf The author of this study later identified herself and published the work under her own name, despite the fact that her report was already publicly available online: Helen Louise Hunter, Sukarno and the Indonesian Coup: The Untold Story. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007.

Dahlan, Muhidin M. “Nugroho Notosusanto dan Buku Putih Pengkhiatan PKI versi Orba.” Tirto. 3 Jun 2022. https://tirto.id/nugroho-notosusanto-dan-buku-putih-pengkhianatan-pki-versi-orba-cxxb.

Dake, Antonie C.A. In the Spirit of the Red Banteng: Indonesian Communism between Moscow and Peking 1959-1965. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.

Dake, Antonie C.A. The Sukarno File, 1965-67: Chronology of a Defeat. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Dinas Sejarah Militer Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Mewaspadai Pengkhianatan Partai Komunis di Indonesia: Kumpulan Artikel Pemberontakan PKI dan Operasi Penumpasannya. Bandung: Dinas Sejarah, Angkatan Darat, 2010.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Cuplikan Sejarah Perjuangan TNI-Angkatan Darat. Bandung: Mahjuma, 1972.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Lukisan Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dan Penumpasannya. Bandung, 1980.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Komunisme dan Kegiatannya di Indonesia. Jakarta, 1982.

Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat. Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dan Penumpasannya. Bandung, 1982.

Dinuth, Alex. Dokumen Terpilih Sekitar G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1997.

Dinuth, Alex. Kewaspadaan Nasional dan Bahaya Laten Komunis. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1997.

Dipodisastro, Soemarno, ed. Kesaksian Sukitman: Penemu Sumur Lubang Buaya. Jakarta: Yayasan Sukitman, 2006.

Djanwar. Mengungkap Pengkhianatan/Pemberontakan G30S/PKI dalam Rangka Mengamankan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Bandung: Yrama, 1986.

Fauzan, H. Firos. Pengkhianatan Biro Khusus PKI: Pelurusan Sejarah Tragedi Nasional 1 Oktober 1965. 6th ed. 2009.

Fauzan, H. Firos. Pengkhianatan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Hari Duka Nasional 1 October 1965. Jakarta: Bhuana Ilmu Populer: 2009.

Fauzan, H. Firos. Civil War ala PKI, 1965: Menyingkap Dewan Revolusi PKI. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Accelerate Foundation, 2011.

Fauzi, Gilang, and Anggi Kusumadewi. “Meniti Lorong Waktu Lubang Buaya, Pusat Petaka 30 September.” CNN Indonesia. 29 September 2016. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160928084414-20-161689/meniti-lorong-waktu-lubang-buaya-pusat-petaka-30-september/.

Fic, Victor M. Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: October 1, 1965: The Collusion with China which Destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 2004.

Giebels, Lambert J. De Stille Genocide: De Fatale Gebeurtenissen Rond de Val de Indonesische President Soekarno. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2005. Translated into Indonesian as: Pembantaian yang Ditutup-tutupi: Peristiwa Fatal di Sekitar Kejatuhan Bung Karno. Jakarta: Grasindo, 2005. Despite the title, this book contains little information about the mass killings, even less that is correct, and none that is new. The book is the final volume of the author’s three-volume biography of President Sukarno. All the claims in this book are unreferenced.

Hakekat Pembangunan Monumen Pancasila Sakti. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1982.

Islamic Research Institute. Sepuluh tahun Lubang Buaya: Pemberontakan P.K.I. N.p.: Islamic Research Institute, 1976.

Isnaeni, Hendri F. “Senjata dalam Prahara 1965.” Historia. 24 September 2017. https://www.historia.id/article/senjata-dalam-prahara-1965-6mmE2.

Karni, Rahadi S., ed. and trans. The Devious Dalang: Sukarno and the so-called Untung Putsch; Eye-witness Report by Bambang S. Widjanarko. The Hague: Interdoc, 1974. Kardi, a librarian in the Netherlands, seems to have done the translation of this document at the request of A.C.A. Dake, who wrote the introduction to the book. Dake has made extensive use of this document in his own writings. The document is fraudulent. It is a transcript of an interrogation written by the Indonesian military. Bambang S. Widjanarko, succumbed to military pressure to sign it but later published his own book which presented a completely different story: Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno (Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988).

Kasdi, Aminuddin, and G. Ambar Wulan. G.30.S PKI/1965: Bedah Ceasar Dewan Revolusi Indonesia. Surabaya: Java Pustaka Media Utama, 2005.

Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban (Kopkamtib). Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia: G.30.S/PKI. Jakarta, 1978.

Komando Operasi Tertinggi (KOTI). Seksi Penerangan. Tjatatan Kronologis Disekitar Peristiwa “Gerakan 30 September.” October 22, 1965.

Kopkamtib, Team Pemeriksa Pusat. Partai Komunis Indonesia dan G.30.S/PKI. April 1969.

Laksana, Ben K. C., and Rara Sekar Larasati. “Hegemoni Pengetahuan dan Ketakutan Pada Yang Liyan.” IndoProgress.com. 19 September 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/09/hegemoni-pengetahuan-dan-ketakutan-pada-yang-liyan/.

Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional. Bahan-Bahan Pokok G30S/PKI dan Penghancurannya. March 1969.

Lembaga Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Kemasyarakatan (LSIK). Rangkaian Peristiwa Pemberontakan Kommunis di Indonesia 1926-1948-1965. Jakarta: LSIK, 1983.

Manafe, Aco. Teperpu Mengungkap Pengkhianatan PKI Pada Tahun 1965 dan Proses Hukum Bagi Para Pelakunya. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 2007.

Markas Besar ABRI, Pusat Sejarah dan Tradisi ABRI, Bahaya Laten Komunisme di Indonesia. 4 vols. Jakarta, 1994. Vol. 1: Perkembangan Gerakan dan Pengkhianatan Komunisme di Indonesia (1913-1948); vol. 2: Penumpasan Pemberontakan PKI (1948); vol. 3: Konsolidasi dan Infiltrasi PKI (1950-59); vol. 4, part A: Ofensif-ofensif Manipolis dan Revolusioner PKI sampai Pecahnya Pemberontakan G-30-S/PKI dan Penumpasannya (1959-65), part B: Penumpasan Sisa-Sisa Komunisme dalam Segala Bentuk dan Manifestasinya (1966-90).

Nasution, A.H. Pengalaman Sekitar Peristiwa 30 September 1965. Yogyakarta: Gema, c. 1980. 20 p.

Noer, Moch. Mengenang & Menyelusuri Lubang Buaya di Dusun Cemetuk, Desa Cluring Yang Menelan Korban Manusia Sebanyak 62 Orang Oleh Kebiadaban PKI/BTI tahun 1965 : peristiwa yang tidak boleh dilupakan!!! Banyuwangi: Public Policy Institute, 2011.

Notosusanto, Nugroho and Ismail Saleh. The Coup Attempt of the ‘September 30 Movement’ in Indonesia. Jakarta: Pemimbing, 1968. Indonesian translation: Tragedi Nasional: Percobaan Kup G 30 S/PKI di Indonesia. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1989.

Pizzicaro, John T. “The 30 September Movement in Indonesia.” Studies in Intelligence 13, no. 4 (Fall 1969). This article was declassified by the CIA in 2005.

Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened and Nugroho Notosusanto. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia, vol. VI. Jakarta: Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, PN Balai Pustaka, 1974; fifth reprint 1986: pp. 387-415.

Prasetyo, Eko. “Ancaman Nalar Pada Film Pengkhianatan Gerakan 30 September.” IndoProgress.com. 3 October 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/10/ancaman-nalar-pada-film-pengkhianatan-gerakan-30-september/.

Rancajale, Hafiz. “Membedah Film ‘ Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.’” Tirto. 2 July 2025. https://tirto.id/membedah-film-pengkhianatan-g30s-pki-cxxh.

Samsudin. Mengapa G30S/PKI Gagal? Suatu Analisis. Jakarta: Obor, 2004. The author is a retired Major General of the Indonesian army.

Sari, Dianing. “Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, Propaganda Berhasilkah?” Tempo. 29 September 2012. https://www.tempo.co/politik/film-pengkhianatan-g30s-pki-propaganda-berhasilkah--1655040.

Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Gerakan 30 September: Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia. Latar Belakang, Aksi, dan Penumpasannya. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1994.

Siswoyo, P. Bambang. Bung Karno Dalang G.30.S/PKI? Solo: Mayasari, 1988. 80 p.

Siswoyo, P. Bambang. Menelusuri Peran Bung Karno dalam G30S-PKI. Jakarta: Mayasari, 1989. 192 p.

Soerojo, Soegiarso. Siapa Menabur Angin Akan Menuai Badai. Jakarta: Antar Kota, 1989.

Soewargana, Oejeng. Kegagalan Coup “G-30-S.” Bandung: n.p. 1969.

State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. The September 30th Movement: The Attempted Coup by the Indonesian Communist Party: Its Background, Actions, and Eradication. Jakarta, 1994. Indonesian version published as: Gerakan 30 September: Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi, dan Penumpasannya. Jakarta, 1994.

Subroto, Hendro. Dewan Revolusi PKI: Menguak Kegagalannya Mengkomuniskan Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 2007.  

Sumarkidjo, Atmadji. Mendung di Atas Istana Merdeka. Jakarta: Times Communications and Sinar Harapan, 2000.

Tabah, Anton. ed. Dua Jenderal Besar Bicara tentang Gestapu/PKI. Klaten: Sahabat, 1999.

Tim Cidesindo. Membuka Lipatan Sejarah: Menguak Fakta Gerakan PKI. Jakarta: Pustaka Cidesindo, 1999.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Gestapu in Indonesia.” Orbis 10 (Summer 1966): 458-487.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Interpretations of the 1965 Indonesian Coup: A Review of the Literature.” Pacific Affairs 43, no. 4 (Winter 1970-1971): 557-577.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Origin of the 1965 Coup in Indonesia: Probabilities and Alternatives.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3, no. 2 (1972).

There were five men at the core of the September 30th Movement: Sjam, Pono, Lt. Col. Untung, Col. Latief, and Maj. Suyono. All were captured alive, at different times, and put on trial. None issued any statements other than those they provided in court either as defendents in their own trials or as witnesses at the trials of others. All except Latief were later executed.

Excerpts of Sjam’s testimony during his first appearance in court, as a witness in a 1967 trial, have been published in: John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s Coup d’Etat in Indonesia (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006). Sjam’s original Indonesian-language statements appear in the Indonesian translation of the book: Dalih Pembunuhan Massal: Gerakan 30 September dan Kudeta Suharto (Jakarta: ISSI and Hasta Mistra, 2008).

Latief was put on trial in 1978. His defense statement (pledoi or eksepsi) was first published in Amsterdam by Komitee Indonesië in 1978. Tapol Bulletin provided an early English-language description of its contents: “Colonel Latief 's Defense,” Tapol Bulletin no. 35 (August 1979). The text was published in Indonesia after Suharto’s fall: Kolonel Abdul Latief. Pledoi Kol. A. Latief, Soeharto Terlibat G30S (Jakarta. Insitut Studi Arus Informasi, 2000). An English language excerpt is: “I, the Accused.” Translated by Tim Behrend. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 193-198. Latief was interviewed after his release from prison: “Kol. A. Latief: Kami Harus Bertanggung Jawab,” Tempo (12 Oktober 1998).

The person closest to the core group on the day of the action (October 1) was Brig. Gen. M.S. Supardjo. He was the core group’s emissary to Presiden Sukarno. He wrote a criticism of the movement before he was captured in January 1967. The original Indonesian-language version of that document appears in John Roosa, Dalih Pembunuhan Massal. The English translation appears in John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder.

An Air Force officer who accompanied Supardjo on the day of the action was Lt. Col. Heru Atmodjo. The core group named him in its radio broadcasts as Vice Commander of the September 30th Movement although his actual involvement in the movement appears to have been tangential. He survived imprisonment and was released in 1980. He has provided his version of events in: Garda Sembiring and Harsono Sutedjo, eds. Gerakan 30 September: Kesaksian Letkol (Pnb) Heru Atmodjo (Jakarta: PEC, 2004). An Indonesian writer living in Singapore has written an English-language account of Atmodjo’s story: May Swan, Fragranced Deception (Bandung: Ultimus, 2007).

One of the low-level participants in the September 30th Movement was Sergeant-Major Bungkus of the palace guard. He was involved in the abduction of Maj. Gen. M.T. Haryono. He was released from prison with Latief in 1998. He has given interviews to journalists and scholars: Benedict Anderson. “The World of Sergeant-Major Bungkus: Two Interviews with Benedict Anderson and Arief Djati.” Indonesia no. 78 (October 2004): 1-60. Bungkus was also interviewed after his release from prison by the now-defunct magazine D&R, “Wawancara Serma Boengkoes: Tahu-Tahu Jenderal yang Masih Hidup Digandeng,” (12-17 April 1999), and by the newspaper Kompas: “Saya Menyesal Mayjen M.T. Haryono Tertembak,” (30 Maret 1999).

One PKI leader who accompanied D.N. Aidit at Halim airbase, and was thus in touch with the core group on the day of the action, was Iskander Subekti. He was the secretary of the Politburo. His defense plea at his trial in December 1972 has not been published but it was privately circulated at the time. It has entered the collections of some libraries. Iskander Subekti Yusuf, “Jalan Pembebasan Rakyat Indonesia” (Jakarta, 1972). In the late 1980s, while being held in Cipinang prison, he wrote a series of short essays about PKI history meant to be read only by other surviving party members. These were smuggled out of prison a page at a time. One collection of these essays is held at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Most of the core leadership of the PKI was summarily and secretly executed in late 1965: Aidit, Lukman, Njoto, and Sakirman. All four disappeared after being captured by the army. The one key leader who survived was Sudisman, the General Secretary. He wasn’t captured until December 1966. His statements during and after his trial are important documents. He admitted to being in some vague way “involved” in the September 30th Movement. He called his defense plea at his trial in 1967 Uraian Tanggungjawab. This Indonesian text is available online: http://www.marxists.org/indonesia/ indones/sudisman.html Benedict Anderson translated this document into English: Analysis of Responsibility (Melbourne: The Works Cooperative, 1975). Sudisman also wrote a document before his execution in 1968. This document has been published in combination with his defense plea: Pleidoi Sudisman dan Statement Politiknya Menyongsong Eksekusi (Jakarta: Pustaka Pena, 2001).

The key witness to the movement was President Sukarno. His statements about it are contained in the speeches that he delivered over the subsequent two years. These speeches have been compiled in: Setiyono, Budi, and Bonnie Triyana, eds. Revolusi Belum Selesai: Kumpulan Pidato Presiden Sukarno 30 September 1965 – Pelengkap Nawaksara, 2 vols. (Semarang: MESIASS, 2003). His statements about the movement have been collected in one book: Kumpulan Pernyataan Bung Karno tentang Gerakan 30 September: Benarkan Gerakan 30 September Didalangi Bung Karno? (Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2006).

The next witnesses to look at are the people who were with Sukarno at some point on the day of the action. The commander of the presidential bodyguard, Lt. Col. Mangil Martowidjojo, has published his memoir: Kesaksian tentang Bung Karno 1945-1967 (Jakarta: Grasindo, 1999). The vice-commander of the palace guard (Cakrabirawa), Maulwi Saelan, has also published a memoir: Dari Revolusi ’45 Sampai Kudeta ’66 (Jakarta: Yayasan Hak Bangsa, 2001). Sukarno’s adjutant, Bambang Widjanarko, published his memoir when Suharto was still in power: Sewindu Dekat Bung Karno (Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988: see especially pages 166-186).

Another key witness was the commander of the Air Force, Omar Dani. He was at Halim airbase on the day of the action and witnessed the discussions between Sukarno and Supardjo. His defense plea at his trial and a lengthy interview with him have been published as: B.A. Surodjo and J.M.V. Soeparno, Tuhan Pergunakanlah Hati, Pikiran dan Tanganku: Pledoi Omar Dani (Jakarta: Institut Studi Arus Informasi, 2002).

Sukarno’s first deputy prime minister, the number two man in the government after the president, Soebandrio, did not witness the movement. He was not in Jakarta on the day of the action. But he has some definite ideas about it in his memoir: Kesaksianku, which was published by a variety of groups in 2001 once the publisher, Gramedia, decided against releasing the book. The book contains little reliable information. A more recent book might be different: Yang Saya Alami Peristiwa G30S: Sebelum, Saat Meletus dan Sesudahnya (Jakarta: Bumi Intitama Sejahtera, 2006).

The head of the Indonesian journalists association (PWI) in 1965, A. Karim D.P., was privy to a lot of information about high politics in Jakarta. He has analyzed the movement in “Tiga Faktor Penyebab G30S,” a lecture in Jakarta at PAKORBA seminar, 25 October 1999.

A useful book is: Surya Lesmana, ed. Saksi dan Pelaku Gestapu: Pengakuan Para Saksi dan Pelaku Sejarah Gerakan 30 September 1965 (Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2005). It is a collection of short statements by 23 different people: eye-witnesses (e.g. Saelan, Herlambang), participants in the movement (e.g. Bungkus and Latief), and military officers who sided with Suharto (e.g. Nasution, Tahir).   

Anwar, H. Rosihan, et al. eds. Kemal Idris: Bertarung dalam Revolusi. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1996.

Hisyam, Usamah, et al. Feisal Tanjung: Terbaik untuk Rakyat Terbaik bagi ABRI. Jakarta: Yayasan Dharmapena Nusantara, 1999. Feisal Tanjung, later one of Suharto’s right-hand men, was a soldier in the special forces during the attacks on the PKI in 1965-66.   

Isnaeni, Hendri F. “Alasan Sarwo Edhie Memimpin Operasi Pembunuhan Massal PKI.” Historia. 29 September 2015. https://www.historia.id/article/alasan-sarwo-edhie-memimpin-operasi-pembunuhan-massal-pki.

Matanasi, Petrik. “Soeharto dan Dua Anak Buahnya yang Pelaku ‘Makar’, Untung & Latief.” Tirto. 26 June 2019. https://tirto.id/soeharto-dan-dua-anak-buahnya-yang-pelaku-makar-untung-latief-ecWJ.

Nasution, A.H. Memenuhi Panggilan Tugas, vol. 6: Masa Kebangkitan Orde Baru. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1987.

Pandjaitan, Marieke. D.I. Pandjaitan, Pahlawan Revolusi Gugur dalam Seragam Kebesaran: Biografi. Seperti dituturkan kepada dan dituliskan oleh Ramadhan K.H. dan Sugiarta Sriwibawa. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1997.

Pour, Julius. Benny Moerdani: Profile of a Soldier Statesman. Jakarta: Yayasan Kejuangan Sudirman, 1993.

Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. Jakarta: Kata Hasta Pustaka, 2007.

Ramadhan, K.H. ed. Soemitro, Mantan Pangkopkamtip:Dari Pangdam Mulawarman sampai Pangkopkamtib. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1994. This book was translated into English with a pompous title: Soemitro, Former Commander of Indonesian Security Apparatus: Best Selling Memoirs. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1996.

Reksosamodra, Pranoto. Catatan Jenderal Pranoto Reksosamodra: Dari RTM Boedi Oetomo Sampai Nirbaya. Edited by Imelda Bachtiar. Kompas, 2014.

Reksosamodra, Mayor Jenderal Raden Pranoto. Memoar. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2002. Pranoto was a senior army general in the army’s commander’s staff in Jakarta. Sukarno appointed him to be interim commander of the army on October 1, 1965 in the absence of Yani. Suharto rejected Sukarno’s appointment of Pranoto and continued as army commander.

Soeharto. Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya: Otobiografi seperti Dipaparkan kepada G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1988.  English translation: My Thoughts, Words and Deeds: An Autobiography as Told to G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. trans. Sumadi. Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, 1991.

Subantardjo, M. Riwayat Hidup dan Perjuangan Let. Jend. Anumerta M.T. Haryono. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1979. 43 p. Another version was issued later: Letnan Jenderal M.T. Haryono. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1984. 71 p.

Sugama, Yoga. Memori Jenderal Yoga. Jakarta: Bina Rena Pariwara, 1990.

Sutojo, Nani Nurrachman. Kenangan Tak Terucap: Saya, Ayah, dan Tragedi 1965. Kompas, 2013.

Sutrisno, Drs. Biografi Pahlawan Revolusi Letnan Jenderal Anumerta Siswondo Parman. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayan, 1980.

Wirahadikusumah, Umar. Dari Peristiwa ke Peristiwa. Jakarta: Yayasan Kesejahteraan Jayakarta, 1983. Also see the biography: Herry Gendut Janarto, Umar Wirahadikusumah: Menegakkan Kebenaran dalam Diam. Malang: Pustaka Kayutangan, 2005.

Yani, Amelia. Profil Seorang Prajurit TNI. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1988. The author is the daughter of General Ahmad Yani. She herself translated the book into English: Profile of a Soldier. Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1990.

Yani, Ibu A. Ahmad Yani: Sebuah Kenang-Kenangan. Jakarta, 1981. The author was Yani’s wife.

The Indonesian army, as it consolidated its control over the state in early 1966, organized show trials of its political opponents. The trials were in a military court (where all the judges and prosecutors were military personnel) – indeed, an “extraordinary” (luar biasa) military court where the rules were even looser than a regular military court. The name of the court was Mahmillub (Mahkamah Militer Luar Biasa), frequently spelled now with just one ‘l’: Mahmilub. The army published the transcripts of the first two Mahmilub trials: the first, of a communist party leader, Njono, whose trial was in February 1966, and the second, of the nominal leader of the September 30th Movement, Untung.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub 1. Perkara Njono. Djakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman A.D., not dated, 1966.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub di Djakarta 2. Perkara Untung. Djakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman AD, 1966.

The army then published in the same series (titled “The September 30th Movement Put Before the Extraordinary Military Court”) the trial transcript of President Sukarno’s First Deputy Prime Minister, Subandrio, who did not participate in the September 30th Movement. He was accused only of helping create the conditions that led to the PKI’s “treasonous” action. With his trial, it was clear that Suharto’s army was targeting Sukarno loyalists.

“Gerakan 30 September” Dihadapan Mahmillub 3.Perkara Subandrio, two volumes. Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman AD, 1966.

The same transcript of the Subandrio case was the basis for another book:

Let. Kol. Ali Said and Let Kol. Durmawel Ahmad. Sangkur Adil, Pengupas Fitnah Chianat. Jakarta: Ethika, 1967.

Subandrio’s lawyer was Yap Thiam Hien. Yap’s concluding statement at the trial on behalf of his client is an excellent critique of Mahmilub procedures:

“Pembelaan (Pledooi) Dr. Soebandrio: Pledoi Pembela Kedua, 17 October 1966.” In Daniel Hutagalung, ed. Yap Thiam Hien: Negara, HAM dan Demokrasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, 1998): 213-236.

Before the trials began, the army’s legal experts wrote up a guidebook to the laws that could be used to try the perpetrators of the September 30th Movement: 

Departemen Angkatan Darat, Inspektorat Kehakiman. Himpunan Penetapan-Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia dan Peraturan-Peraturan Lainnja untuk Pedoman Penjelesaian dalam Bidang Justisionil Peristiwa “Gerakan 30 September.” Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan Kehakiman Angkatan Darat, 1965.

Sukarno’s minister in charge of the central bank, Jusuf Muda Dalam, was not put on trial in the Mahmilub. Suharto, as Kopkamtib commander, ordered the Attorney General’s office to handle his case. The Attorney General (Jaksa Agung) put the case through the existing Special State Court of Jakarta while renaming that court, for the purposes of this case, the Court of Subversion (Peradilan Subversi). Muda Dalam was charged with extending credit to import firms that did not pay back the money. The court called that practice “subversion.” The Suharto regime alleged outside of court that he had been working for the PKI to create a revolutionary situation that climaxed in the September 30th Movement. The Attourney General’s office later published the trial transcript:

Proses Jusuf Muda Dalam Jakarta: Kejaksaan Agung Bidang Khusus, 1967.

The Department of Foreign Affairs published a short book about the Mahmilub trial of Sjam.

Proses Pengadilan Mahmillub: Otak Penggerak Pelaksana Peristiwa ‘Gerakan 30 September/PKI.’ Jakarta: Seksi Dokumentasi, Deplu, 1968.

An independent anti-PKI author published a book about the first two Mahmilub trials for Njono and Untung.

Harris Muda Nasution. Hukum Mati Njono, Untung: Mahmillub ke-1, Pengadilan Gembong2 Gestapu-PKI. Jakarta: Harris, 1966.

Many other trial transcripts remain unpublished yet available in various libraries and archives. Cornell University Library, for instance, has the transcripts for the trials of Omar Dani, commander of the air force (1966), Moeljono Soerjowardojo, an army major in Yogyakarta (1966), Brig. Gen. M.S. Supardjo (1967), Utomo Ramelan, the mayor of Solo (1967), Tamuri Hidayat, a private in Bali (1967), Sjam (1968), and Abdullah Alihamy, a PKI leader in Riau (1970).

Tim Hukumonline. “Menyibak Tirai Hitam Mahmilub.” Hukumonline.com. 29 September 2003. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/menyibak-tirai-hitam-mahmilub-hol8893/?page=all.

Tim Hukumonline. “Ihwal Siaran Langsung Radio dan Pledoi ‘Cemburu’ Sudisman.” Hukumonline.com. 29 September 2016. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/ihwal-siaran-langsung-radio-dan-pledoi-cemburu-sudisman-lt57ed598058283/.

Tim Hukumonline. “Kisah Sederet Abjad yang Mengklasifikasi PKI.” Hukumonline.com. 29 September 2016. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/kisah-sederet-abjad-yang-mengklasifikasi-pki-lt57ed5ed127d91/.

Tim Hukumonline. “Secuil Cerita Seputar Mahkamah yang Luar Biasa.” Hukumonline.com. 29 September 2016. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/secuil-cerita-seputar-mahkamah-yang-luar-biasa-lt57ed557b09e7b/?page=all.

Tim Hukumonline. “Mahmilub, Mahkamah yang Awalnya Dibentuk untuk Mendukung Sosialisme.” Hukumonline.com. 30 September 2016. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/mahmilub-mahkamah-yang-awalnya-dibentuk-untuk-mendukung-sosialisme--lt57eec2b4aa1bf/.

Adam, Asvi Warman. “Beberapa Catatan Tentang Historiografi Gerakan 30 September 1965.” Archipel 95 (2018): 11-30.

Anderson, Benedict, and McVey, Ruth. A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project, 1971.

Anderson, Benedict, and McVey, Ruth. “What happened in Indonesia?” New York Review of Books (1 June 1978).

Anderson, Benedict. “How did the Generals Die?” Indonesia, no. 43 (April 1987): 109-134.

Anderson, Benedict. “Tentang Pembunuhan Massal ’65.’” Interview with Ben Abel distributed on the Apakabar email list, September 24, 1996.

Anderson, Benedict. “Scholarship and Raison d’État: Personal Experience.” Indonesia no. 62 (October 1996): 1-18.

Anderson, Benedict. “Petrus Dadi Ratu.” New Left Review 3 (May/June 2000): 5-15.

Bass, Jerome. “The PKI and the Attempted Coup.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (March 1970): 96-105.

Beise, Kerstin. Apakah Soekarno Terlibat Peristiwa G30S? Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

Brands, H.W. “The Limits of Manipulation: How the United States Didn’t Topple Sukarno.” The Journal of American History 76, no. 3 (December 1989): 785-808.

Bunnell, Frederick. “American ‘Low Posture’ Policy toward Indonesia in the Months Leading to the 1965 Coup” Indonesia, no. 50 (October 1990): 29-60.

Center for Information Analysis. Gerakan 30 September: Antara Fakta dan Rekayasa. Yogyakarta: Center for Information Analysis, 1999.

Crouch, Harold. “Another Look at the Indonesian ‘Coup.’” Indonesia no. 15 (April 1973): 1-20.

Djakababa, Yosef M. “The Construction of History under Indonesia’s New Order: the Making of the Lubang Buaya Official Narrative.” Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2010): 143-149.

Djakababa, Yosef M. “The Initial Purging Policies after the 1965 Incident at Lubang Buaya.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 3 (2013): 22-36.

Djarot, Eros, ed. Siapa Sebenarnya Soeharto: Fakta dan Kesaksian para Pelaku Sejarah G-30-S/PKI. Jakarta: Mediakita, 2006.

Dommen, Arthur. “The Attempted Coup in Indonesia.” China Quarterly no. 25 (January-March 1966): 144-170.

Gunawan, Basuki. Kudeta, Staatsgreep in Djakarta, de Achtergronden van de 30 September-Beweging in Indonesie. Meppel: Boom, 1968.

Hadi, Syamsu, and Eddi Elison, eds. Bung Karno Difitnah. Jakarta: Yayasan Bung Karno, 2006. A collection of essays criticizing the book Antonie Dake, The Sukarno File.

Harsutejo. G-30-S: Sejarah yang Digelapkan. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2003.

Hindley, Donald. “Political Power and the October 1965 Coup in Indonesia.” The Journal of Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (February 1967): 237-249.

Holtzappel, C. “The 30 September Movement: A Political Movement of the Armed Forces or an Intelligence Operation?” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 216-240.

Howland, Richard Cabot. “The Lessons of the September 30 Affair.” Studies in Intelligence 14, no. 2 (Fall 1970): 13-29. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v14i2a02p_0001.htm Howland comments on the difficulty of gaining reliable information about the killings.

Kammen, Douglas. “World Turned Upside Down: Benedict Anderson, Ruth McVey, and the ‘Cornell Paper.’”Indonesia, no. 104 (October 2017): 1-26.

Katoppo, Aristides, ed. Menyingkap Kabut Halim 1965. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1999.

Kusumabrata, Alvino. “Oetomo Ramelan: Wali Kota Merah dan Akrobatnya dalam G30S di Surakarta.” IndoProgress.com. 23 December 2022. https://indoprogress.com/2022/12/oetomo-ramelan-wali-kota-merah-dan-akrobatnya-dalam-g30s-di-surakarta/.

Lev, Daniel. “Indonesia 1965: The Year of the Coup.” Asian Survey 6, no. 2 (February 1966): 103-110.

Luhulima, James. Menyingkap Dua Hari Tergelap di Tahun 1965: Melihat Peristiwa G30S dari Perspektif Lain. Jakarta: Kompas, 2006.

Matsuno, Akihisa. “The 30 September Movement and Its Aftermath in Bali, October - December 1965.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics, and Legacies, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 71-88. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Melvin, Jess. “G30S/Militer: Bagaimana Soeharto Mendalangi Pembantaian 1965?”Tirto. 2 July 2025. https://tirto.id/g30s-militer-bagaimana-soeharto-mendalangi-pembantaian-1965-cSAq.

Onghokham. “Refleksi Tentang Peristiwa G-30-S (Gestok) 1965 dan Akibat-Akibatnya.” Jurnal Sejarah (2000), https://19651966perpustakaanonline.wordpress.com/2020/03/24/kesaksian-ong-hok-ham-tentang-kekacauan-politik-dan-pembunuhan-massal-1965-1966/

Pauker, Guy. “The Gestapu Affair of 1965.” Southeast Asia: An International Journal 1, nos. 1-2 (1971).

Rey, Lucien. “Dossier of the Indonesian Drama.” New Left Review 36 (March-April 1966): 26-40. This article includes a translation of an interview with Njoto conducted by Japanese journalists in late 1965.

Roosa, John. “President Sukarno and the September 30th Movement.” Critical Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2008): 143-159.

Roosa, John. Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto’s Coup d’État in Indonesia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Indonesian translation: Dalih Pembunuhan Massal: Gerakan Tiga Puluh September dan Kudeta Suharto. Jakarta: ISSI dan Hasta Mitra, 2008.  

Roosa, John. “The September 30th Movement: The Aporias of the Official Narratives.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katharine McGregor, 25-49. NUS Press, 2012.

Said, Salim Haji. Gestapu 65: PKI, Aidit, Sukarno, dan Soeharto. Mizan Publishers, 2015.

Salim, Agus. Tragedi Fajar: Perseteruan Tentara-PKI dan Peristiwa G30S. Bandung: Nuansa Cendekia, 2009.

Scott, Peter Dale. “The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-67.” Pacific Affairs 58, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 239-264.

Sophiaan, Manai. Kehormatan Bagi Yang Berhak: Bung Karno Tidak Terlibat G30S/PKI. Jakarta: Yayasan Mencerdaskan Kehidupan Bangsa, 1994.

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. “Lubang Buaya: Mitos dan Kontra-Mitos.” Sintesis 6, no. 1 (March 2008): 14-39. https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/sintesis/article/view/2709.

Ticoalu, Alfred D. Tak Ada Penyiksaan Terhadap 6 Jenderal: Wawancara Dengan DR. Liaw Yan Siang. IndoPROGRESS, 2015.

Utrecht, Ernst. “An Attempt to Corrupt Indonesian History.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 5, no. 1 (1975): 99-102. A critique of Dake’s arguments.

Weatherbee, Donald. “Interpretations of ‘Gestapu’: The 1965 Indonesian Coup.” World Affairs 132, no. 4 (1970).

Wertheim, W.F. “Indonesia Before and After the Untung Coup.” Pacific Affairs 39, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1966): 115-127.

Wertheim, W.F. “Suharto and the Untung Coup – The Missing Link.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 1, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 50-57.

Wertheim, W.F. “Was Suharto Terlibat?” Information on Indonesia Quarterly 2, no. 1 (1972): 12. Retrieved from Gerakingatan. https://gerakingatan.omeka.net/items/show/222.

Wertheim, W.F. “Whose Plot? – New Light on the 1965 Events.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 197-215.

Wertheim, W.F. “Sejarah Tahun 1965 Yang Tersumbunyi.” Arah, no. 1 (1990).

Wertheim, W.F. “Indonesia’s Hidden History.” In Pramoedya Ananta Toer70 Tahun: Essays to Honour Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s 70th Year, edited by Bob Hering. N.p.: Yayasan Kabar Seberang, 1995.

Zhou, Taomo. “China and the Thirtieth of September Movement.” Indonesia no. 98 (October 2014): 29-58.

KODAM-I Banda Aceh. “Laporan tahunan lengkap KODAM-I/KOHANDA Atjeh, tahun 1965.” KITLV. 1965. http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:129556

“Laporan tentang Hasil Fact Finding Commission KOTI.” Issued January 10, 1966. President Sukarno, in a meeting of the Supreme Operations Command (Komando Operasi Tertinggi) on December 23, 1965, ordered an investigation into the mass arrests and mass murders in Central Java, East Java, Bali, and North Sumatra. A commission was formed with the Minister of the Interior, Major General Soemarno Soeroatmodjo, as its head. The nine members of the commission spent a little more than a week conducting their investigations (December 27, 1965-January 6, 1966) and then spent only 3-4 days writing the report. The brief report has never been made public but copies have privately circulated. The report provides the entirely unreliable figures of 78,500 people killed and 106,000 people imprisoned.

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Instruksi Presiden/Pangti ABRI/KOTI No. 22/KOTI/1965—Kepada Kompartimen2/Departemen2, Badan2/Lembaga2 Pemerintah—Untuk Laksanakan Penertiban/Pembersihan Personil Sipil dari Oknum “Gerakan 30 September.” Signed on president’s behalf by Soeharto (Kepala Staf Komando Operasi Tertinggi/Panglima Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban), November 15, 1965.

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Instruksi Presiden 09/KOGAM/1966.

“Report from East Java.” Trans. Benedict Anderson. Indonesia no. 41 (April 1986): 135-149.

Contenay, Jean. “Another Bloodbath?” Far Eastern Economic Review. 23 November 1967; and “Heritage of Blood,” Far Eastern Economic Review. 14 December 1967.

Dodd, Tim. “What Lies Beneath.” The Australian Financial Review Magazine (November 2001): pp. 34-42. The Economist. “One Million Dead?” and “And How They Died.” 20 August 1966.

Hughes, John. Indonesian Upheaval. New York: McKay, 1967. Republished as: The End of Sukarno. Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2002.

“Indonesia: Vengeance with a Smile.” Time, July 15, 1966, 22-26.

King, Seth S. “The Great Purge in Indonesia.” New York Times Magazine. 8 May 1966.

Kirk, Donald. “Bali Exorcises an Evil Spirit.” Reporter, December 15, 1966, 42-53.

Mellor, Bridget. “Political Killings in Indonesia.” New Statesman. 5 August 1966.

Moser, Don. “Where the rivers ran crimson from butchery.” Life. 1 July 1966.

NBC. “Indonesia: The Troubled Victory'“. NBC, 1969. https://youtu.be/9PaQmCEeqAM?si=JAlo9RUrKki6FlDX

Sulzberger, C. L. “Mass Murders Go on in Indonesia.” New York Times, April 19, 1966.

Sutton, Horace. “Indonesia’s Night of Terror.” Saturday Review. 4 February 1967.

The Silent Slaughter: The Role of the United States in Indonesian Massacre. Youth Against War and Fascism, 1966. https://www.workers.org/wp-content/uploads/TheSilentSlaughter.pdf.

Topping, Seymour. “Slaughter of Reds Gives Indonesia a Grim Legacy.” New York Times. 24 August 1966.

Utrecht, Ernst. “Het Bloedbad op Bali.” De Groene Amsterdammer, January 14, 1967.

Affan, Heyder. “‘Saya dituduh anggota Gerwani yang mencukil mata jenderal.’” BBC News Indonesia. 30 September 2015. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/laporan_khusus/2015/09/150918_indonesia_lapsus_kesaksianekstapol.

Anonymous. “Additional Data on Counter-Revolutionary Cruelty in Indonesia, Especially in East Java.” In The Indonesian Killings, 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, edited by Robert Cribb, 169-176. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

Djie Siang Lan (Lani Anggawati). Di Dalam Derita Manusia Membaja. 2nd ed. Wisma Sambodhi, 2004.

Fang, Lin Shi. Teriakan Wanita 女人的呐喊. Ultimus, 2023.

Kolimon, Mery, Liliya Wetangterah, and Karen Campbell-Nelson, eds. Forbidden Memories: Women’s Experiences of 1965 in Eastern Indonesia. Translated by Jennifer Lindsay. Monash University, 2015.

Kurniawan, Budi, and Yani Andriansyah. Menolak Menyerah: Menyingkap Tabir Keluarga Aidit. Yogyakarta: Era Publisher, 2005.

Marching, Soe Tjen. The End of Silence: Accounts of the 1965 Genocide in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.

Miryanti, Ratih. “Kesaksian Wartawan Antara Atas Tragedi 1965." September 23, 2006. https://langitkata.blogspot.com/2011/05/ratih-miryanti-kesaksian-wartawan.html.

Nyoman Wijaya. Biografi Si Penggembala Itik: John Ketut Pantja: Pengalaman dan Pemikiran. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2001. The subject of this biography, John Ketut Pantja, is the younger brother of a leader of the PKI in Bali, Wayan Serata, who was killed in 1965. Information about Serata appears on pp. 148-151.

Pohlman, Annie. “I’m Still Here.” Inside Indonesia, Edition 99, 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/im-still-here

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Narasi Realis-Humanis S. Rukiah dalam Sastra Revolusi.” IndoProgress.com. 12 July 2018. https://indoprogress.com/2018/07/narasi-realis-humanis-s-rukiah-dalam-sastra-revolusi/

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Narasi Sulami versus Narasi Orde Baru.” IndoProgress.com. 23 January 2020. https://indoprogress.com/2020/01/narasi-sulami-versus-narasi-orde-baru/.

Sukanta, Putu Oka, ed. Sulawesi Beraksi. Lembaga Kreatifitas Kemanusiaan, 2013.

Wardaya, Baskara T, ed. Jennifer Lindsey, trans. Truth Will Out: Indonesian Accounts of the 1965 Mass Violence. Clayton: Monash University Publishing, 2013.

Anon, “By the Banks of the Brantas”, appendix A of Human Rights Watch, Injustice, Persecution, Eviction: A Human Rights Update on Indonesia and East Timor (New York, 1990). Reprinted in Samuel Totten, W.S. Parsons, I.W. Charney, eds., A Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. London: Routledge, 2004.

Rochijat, Pipit. “Saya PKI atau Bukan PKI?” Majalah Gotong Royong. Berlin, Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia (April 1984). English translation: “Am I PKI or non-PKI?” Trans. Benedict Anderson. Indonesia no. 41 (April 1986): 37-56.

Soe Hok Gie. Zaman Peralihan. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya, 1995.

Dinas Sejarah TNI-AD. “Crushing the G30S/PKI in Central Java.” In The Indonesian Killings , 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali, edited by Robert Cribb, 159-167. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

Santosa, Irkham. Makmun Murod: Sebagai Prajurit Pejuang. Dinas Sejarah Angkatan Darat, 2014.

Subroto, Hendro. Sintong Panjaitan: Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando. Kompas, 2009.

Sunyoto, Agus, et al. Banser Berjihad Menumpas PKI. Tulungagung: Pesulukan Thoriqoh Agung, 1996.

Tim PBNU. Benturan NU-PKI, 1948-1965. 2013.

Tri Chandra AP. “Banser Antara Perebutan dalam Ketidakpastian dan Kekerasan Politik 1965-1966.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 121-138.

Wajidi, Farid. “Syarikat dan Eksperimentasi Rekonsiliasi Kulturalnya: Sebuah Pengamatan Awal.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 55-79.

Wilis, Abdul Hamid. Aku Jadi Komandan Banser, Barisan Ansor Serbaguna: Membela Pancasila, Menumpas G-30-S/PKI. Surodakan, Sumberingin, Trenggalek: Public Policy Institute, 2011.

Zakaria, Fathurrahman. Geger Gerakan 30 September 1965, Rakyat NTB Melawan Bahaya Merah. Mataram: Sumurmas, 1997; 2nd printing 2001.

Aleida, Martin. “Malam Kelabu.” Horison 5, no. 2 (Februari 1970).

Aveling, Harry, ed. and trans. Gestapu: Indonesia Short Stories on the Abortive Communist Coup of 30th September 1965 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii southeast Asian Studies Working Paper no. 6, 1975). All of the short stories in this collection, with the exception of the one written by Martin Aleida, represent the work of the anti-communist writers of Horison and Sastra.

Bayu, Anwar Putra. “Di Balik Cerita Sungai Musi.” In Sungai Isak Perih Menyemak: Antologi Puisi Esai, edited by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda et al., 35-44. Jurnal Sajak Indonesia, 2014.

Frederick, William and John McGlynn, eds. Reflection on Rebellion: Stories from the Indonesian Upheavals of 1948 and 1965. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1983. This collection contains two stories related to the 1965 events, both by Umar Kayam: “Bawak,” and “Sri Sumarah.”

Hoerip, Satyagraha. “Pada Titik Kulminasi.” Horison 1, no. 3 (September 1966). Reprinted in: Ajip Rosidi, ed. Laut Biru Langit Biru: Bungarampai Sastra Indonesia Mutaakhir. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1977: 294-311

Hoerip, Satyagraha. “Pembrontakan Gestapu/PKI dalam Cerpen-Cerpen Indonesia.” In Pamusuk Eneste, ed. Cerpen Indonesia Mutakhir: Antologi Esei dan Kritik. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1983.

Kayam, Umar. “Musim Gugur Kembali di Connecticut.” Horison 4, no. 10 (Agustus 1969).

Kayam, Umar. “Bawuk.” Horison 5, no. 1 (January 1970).

Kipanjikusmin. “Bintang Maut.” Sastra 5, no. 1 (November 1967).

Kipanjikusmin. “Doba Kain.” Sastra 6, no. 5 (Mei 1968).

Nugroho, Sosiawan. “Sebuah Perjoangan Kecil.” Horison 2, no. 10 (October 1967).

Poyk, Gerson. “Perempuan dan Anak-anaknya.” Horison 1, no. 5 (November 1966).

Sjoekoer, Mohammad. “Maut.” Sastra 7, no. 10 (October 1969).

Tirtawirya, Putu Arya. “Kegelapan di Bawah Matahari” yang diterbitkan dalam buku berjudul Kegelapan di Bawah Matahari dan Cerpen-Cerpen Lainnya. Ende, Flores: Nusa Indah, 1979. English translation: ‘When People Become Numbers,’ Latitudes Magazine, vol. 10 (2002).  

Ugati. “Ancaman.” Sastra 7, no. 6 (Juni 1969).

Usamah. “Perang dan Kemanusiaan: Sebuah Tjatatan Pengalaman Pribadi.” Horison 4, no. 8 (Agustus 1969): 230-253. Translated in English: “War and Humanity: Notes on Personal Experience.” trans. Helen Jarvis. Indonesia no. 9 (April 1970): 89-99.

Zulidahlan. “Maka Sempurnalah Penderitaan Saya di Muka Bumi.” Horison 2, no. 3 (Maret 1967).

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 1, Rekonstruksi dalam Perdebatan. Obor, 2012.

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 2, Konflik Lokal. Obor, 2012.

Adam, Asvi Warman. 1965: Orang-Orang di Balik Tragedi. Galang Press, 2009.

Adam, Asvi Warman. “Pelanggaran HAM Berat Soeharto: Kasus Pulau Buru.” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 349-59. Galang Press, 2014.

Aleida, Martin. Tuhan Menangis, Terluka. Somalaing Art Studio, 2023.

Amnesty International. Report on Torture. Amnesty International, 1973.

Boden, Ragna. “Silence in the Slaughterhouse: Moscow and the Indonesian Massacres.” In 1965: Indonesia and the World, Indonesia dan Dunia, edited by Bernd Schaefer and Baskara T. Wardhaya, 86-98. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2013.

Budiardjo, Carmel. “Indonesia: Mass extermination and the consolidation of authoritarian power.” InWestern State Terrorism, edited by A. George. London: Polity Press, 1991.

Chandra, Siddharth. “Glimpses of Indonesia’s 1965 Massacre through the Lens of the Census: Migration and Refuge in East Java.” Indonesia, no. 104 (October 2017): 27-39.

Chandra, Siddharth. “New Findings on the Indonesian Killings of 1965-66.” Journal of Indonesian Studies 76, no. 4 (November 2017): 1059-1086.

Chandra, Siddharth. "Glimpses of Indonesia's 1965 Massacre through the Lens of the Census: The Role of Trucks and Roads in “Crushing” the PKI in East Java." Indonesia, no. 108 (2019): 1-21. 

Chandra, Siddharth, and Teng Zhang. “Glimpses of Indonesia’s 1965 Massacre through the Lens of the Census: The Role of Civilian Organizations in the Mass Anti-Communist Killings of 1965-66 in East Java.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 49-85.

Cribb, Robert, ed. The Indonesian Killings: 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University, 1990.

Cribb, Robert. “Indonesia’s Chinese: The Genocide that Never Was.” NIASnytt. 1 (1999).

Cribb, Robert. “Genocide in Indonesia, 1965-1966.” Journal of Genocide Research 3, no. 2 (2001): 219-239.

Cribb, Robert. “How Many Deaths? Problems in the Statistics of Massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980).” In Violence in Indonesia, edited by Ingrid Wessel and Georgia Wimhofer. Hamburg: Abera, 2001.

Cribb, Robert. “Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966.” Asian Survey 42, no. 4 (July-August 2002): 550-563.

Cribb, Robert. “Genocide in the Non-Western World: Implications for Holocaust Studies.” In Genocide: Cases, Comparisons, and Contemporary Debates, edited by Steven L. B. Jensen, 123-140. The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2003.

Cribb, Robert. “The Indonesian Massacres.” In Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, edited by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons, 234-62. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2009.

Cribb, Robert. “Political Genocides in Postcolonial Asia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, edited by Daniel Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, 445-65. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Cribb, Robert. “On Victims Statistics.” In The Massacres: Coming to Terms with the Trauma of 1965, edited by Kurniawan et al. Tempo, 2015.

Cribb, Robert. “New Directions in the Historiography of Indonesia’s Mass Killings, 1965-66.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 3-9.

Cribb, Robert, and Charles A. Coppel. “A Genocide that Never Was: Explaining the Myth of Anti-Chinese Massacres in Indonesia, 1965-66.” Journal of Genocide Research 11, no. 4 (2009): 447-465.

Curtis, Mark. “Democratic Genocide.” The Ecologist 26, no. 5. (September-October 1996): 202-04.

Dwyer, Leslie and Degung Santikarma. “When the World Turned to Chaos: 1965 in Bali and its Aftermath,” in The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Eickhoff, Martijn, Gerry van Klinken and Geoffrey Robinson, eds. 1965 Today: Living with the Indonesian Massacres. Special Issue, Journal of Genocide Research, Vol 19, 3 (2017).

Eklöf, Stefan. “The Mass Killings in Bali 1965-1966: Historical and Cultural Approaches.” InViolence and Vengeance: Discontent and Conflict in New Order Indonesia, edited by Frans Hüsken and Huub de Jonge. Saarbrucken: Verlag fur Entwicklungspolitik, 2002. Translated into Indonesian as: “Pembunuhan-Pembunuhan di Bali 1965-1966: Pendekatan Historis dan Budaya.” In Orde Zonder Order: Kekerasan dan Dendam di Indonesia 1965-1998, edited by Frans Hüsken and Huub de Jonge. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2003. This article is largely a commentary on G. Robinson’s book, The Dark Side of Paradise.

Farid, Hilmar. “Indonesia’s Original Sin: Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965-66.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-16. Reprinted in Kuan-Hsing Chen and Chua Beng Huat, eds., The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 2007: pp. 207-222.

Farram, Steven. “The PKI in West Timor and Nusa Tenggara Timur: 1965 and Beyond.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 116, no. 4 (2010): 381-403.

Fauzi, M., ed. Pulangkan Mereka: Merangkai Ingatan Penghilangan Paksa di Indonesia. ELSAM, 2012.

Fealy, Greg and Katharine McGregor. “Nahdlatul Ulama and the Killings of 1965-66: Religion, Politics and Remembrance.” Indonesia, no. 89 (April 2010), 37-60.

Fein, Helen. “Revolutionary and Anti-Revolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979, and in Indonesia, 1965-1966.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 4 (October 1993): 796-823.

Feith, Herb. “Killings in Indonesia: To moralise or analyse: a dialogue.” Nation. 19 February 1966, 9-11.

Geertz, Clifford. After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist. Harvard University Press, 1995.

Gerlach, Christian. Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Only the first chapter.

Gittings, John. “The Indonesian Massacres, 1965-1966: Image and Reality.” In The Massacre in History, edited by Mark Levene and Penny Roberts, 247-262. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999. See also Gittings’ personal website: https://johngittings.tripod.com .

Griswold, Deirdre. Indonesia, the Bloodbath that Was. New York: World View Publishers, 1975.

Hammer, Mathias. “The Organization of the Killings and the Interaction between the State and Society in Central Java, 1965.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2013): 37-62.

Hasworo, Rinto Tri. “Penangkapan dan Pembunuhan di Jawa Tengah Setelah G-30-S.” In Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir, edited by John Roosa, Ayu Ratih, and Hilmar Farid. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

Hearman, Vannessa. Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018. The work is based on her PhD dissertation titled “Dismantling the Fortress: East Java and the Transition to Suharto’s New Order Regime,” published by the University of Melbourne in 2012.

Hefner, Robert W. The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990: 193–227.

Hefner, Robert W. “The 1965-66 Violence in Upland East Java: A Reflexive Reassessment.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 87-102.

Henry, Adam Hughes. "Polluting the Waters: A Brief History of Anti-Communist Propaganda during the Indonesian Massacres." Genocide Studies International 8, no. 2 (2014): 153-175.

Henry, Adam Hughes. “Reflections on the Indonesian Massacres in Cold War Historiography and Political Economy.” Genocide Studies International 10, no. 2 (2016): 52-64.

Holtzappel, Coen and Pieter Drooglever, eds. Professional Blindness and Missing the Mark: The Historical Analysis of Four Major Crises During the First Two Decades of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008.

Kammen, Douglas Anton and Katherine E McGregor. The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68. Honolulu: Asian Studies Association of Australia and University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2012.

Kasenda, Peter. “Sarwo Edhie Wibowo dan Operasi Militer: Penghancur GESTAPU/PKI dan Pendobrak Orde Lama.” Prisma (1992).

Kasenda, Peter. Sarwo Edhie dan Tragedi 1965. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2015.

Kiernan, Ben. “Twentieth Century Genocides: Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor.” In The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, 29-52. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

KontraS. Menyusun Puzzle Pelanggaran HAM 1965: Sebuah Upaya Pendokumentasian. KontraS and ICTJ, 2012.

Kurasawa, Aiko. Peristiwa 1965: Persepsi dan Sikap Jepang. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2015.

Leksana, Grace, and Douglas Kammen. “Indonesian Student Theses on ‘1965’: An Overview.” Indonesia, no. 111 (April 2021): 45-55.

Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih. “Kekerasan Kemanusiaan dan Perampasan Tanah Pasca-1965 di Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.” Archipel 95 (2018): 53-86.

Marching, Soe Tjen. “The Suppression of Indonesian Communist Party and Trade Unions.” St. James Encyclopedia of Labour History Worldwide. St James Press, 2004.

Matsuno, Akihisa. “Immoral and Cruel Women – Anti-Gerwani Propaganda under the Indonesia’ New Order.” In Osaka University of Foreign Studies Global Dialogue Studies. ed. Pain and Anger: Oral Histories of Women Who Survived Oppression, Akashi Shoten Publishers (2006), 97-116. (In Japanese)

McGregor, Katharine. “Confronting the Past in Contemporary Indonesia: The Anticommunist Killings of 1965-66 and the Role of the Nahdlatul Ulama.” Critical Asian Studies 41, no. (2009): 195-224.

McGregor, Katharine, Jess Melvin and Annie Pohlman, eds. The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Melvin, Jess. “Why Not Genocide? Anti-Chinese Violence in Aceh, 1965-66.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2013): 63-91.

Melvin, Jess. “Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 487-511.

Melvin, Jess. The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. New York: Routledge, 2018.

Melvin, Jess. “Crimes Against Humanity in Indonesia, 1956-66.” In B. Hola, H. Nyseth Brehm, & M. Weerdesteijn (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Atrocity Crimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Naipospos, Bonar Tigor, and Rahadi T. Wiratama, eds. Plot TNI AD-Barat di Balik Tragedi ’65. Jakarta: Tapol, MIK, and Solidamor, 2001. A collection of translations of articles written by C. Holtzappel, W.F. Wertheim, David Johnson, Kathy Kadane, Ralph McGehee, Mark Curtis, and Mike Head.

Najjarine, Karim, and Drew Cottle. “The Department of External Affairs, the ABC and Reporting of the Indonesian Crisis, 1965-66.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 49 no. 1 (March 2003): 48-60.

Narny, Yenny. “Violence in the Anti-Communist Tragedy in West Sumatra.” Masters Thesis, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2008.

Narny, Yenny. “Resilience of West Sumatran Women: Historical, Cultural and Social Impacts.” PhD Thesis, Deakin University, 2016.

Peters, Robbie. Surabaya, 1945-2010: Neighbourhood, State, and Economy in Indonesia’s City of Struggle. NUS Press, 2013.

Pohlman, Annie. “A Fragment of a Story: Gerwani and Tapol Experiences.” Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context 1, no. 10 (2004).

Pohlman, Annie. “Propaganda, Misogyny and Incitement to Massacre: The Indonesian Military’s Campaign against Communist Women Following the 1 October 1965 Coup.” Analysis Sejarah 1, no. 1 (2010): 1-15.

Pohlman, Annie. Ashes in my Mouth: Women, Violence and Testimony during the Indonesian Massacres of 1965-1966. PhD Thesis, School of Languages and Comp Cultural Studies, The University of Queensland. 2011.

Pohlman, Annie. “Spectacular Atrocities: Making Enemies during the 1965-1966 Massacres in Indonesia.” In Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing and Atrocity in History, edited by Philip G. Dwyer and Lyndall Ryan, 199-212. New York, New York, United States: Berghahn Books, 2012.

Pohlman, Annie. “An ongoing legacy of atrocity: Torture and the Indonesian state.” In Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia, edited by Deborah Mayersen and Annie Pohlman, 35-52. Routledge, 2013.

Pohlman, Annie. “Child-raising, Childbirth and Abortion in Extremis: Women’s Stories of Caring For and Losing Children during the Violence of 1965-1966 in Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no. 3 (2014): 93-114.

Pohlman, Annie. “Incitement to Genocide Against a Political Group: The Anti-Communist Killings in Indonesia.” Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-22.  

Pohlman, Annie. Women, Sexual Violence and the Indonesian Killings of 1965-66. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2015.

Pohlman, Annie. “Sexual Violence as Torture: Crimes against Humanity during the 1965-66 Killings in Indonesia.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 574-593.

Prior, John M. “The Silent Scream of a Silenced History: Part One, The Maumere Massacre of 1966.” Exchange: Journal of Missiological and Ecumenical Research 40, no. 2 (2011): 117-43.

Prior, John M. “The Silent Scream of a Silenced History: Part Two: Church Responses.” Exchange 40, no. 4 (2011): 311-321.

Purba, Dian. “Baperki, Komunitas Tionghoa, dan G30S di Kota Medan.” IndoProgress.com. 26 September 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/09/baperki-komunitas-tionghoa-dan-g30s-di-kota-medan/.

Robinson, Geoffrey. “The Post-Coup Massacre in Bali.” In Making Indonesia: Essays on Modern Indonesia in Honor of George McT. Kahin, edited by Daniel Lev and Ruth McVey. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1996.

Robinson, Geoffrey. The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Indonesian translation: Sisi Gelap Pulau Dewata: Sejarah Kekerasan Politik. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2006.

Robinson, Geoffrey. “Down to the Very Roots: The Indonesian Army’s Role in the Mass Killings of 1965-66.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 465-486.

Robinson, Geoffrey. The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018. (Indonesian translation: Musim Menjagal: Sejarah Pembunuhan Massal di Indonesia, 1965-66. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu, 2018.)

Robinson, Geoffrey. “Fake News: Psy-war and Propaganda in the Indonesian Genocide of 1965-66.” The Historian, No. 142, Special Issue on Hidden Histories (Summer, 2019) pp. 18-23.

Robinson, Geoffrey. “A Time to Kill: The Anti-Communist Violence in Indonesia, 1965-66.” In Political Violence in Southeast Asia since 1945: Case Studies from Six Countries, edited by Eve Zucker and Benjamin Kiernan. Routledge, 2021.

Robinson, Geoffrey, and Douglas Kammen. Exposed: A Visual History of the Destruction of the Indonesian Left. Cornell University Press, 2025.

Roosa, John. “The State of Knowledge about an Open Secret: Indonesia’s Mass Disappearances of 1965-66.” Journal of Asian Studies 75, no. 2 (2016): 281-297.

Roosa, John. Buried Histories: The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965-1966 in Indonesia. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2020.

Roosa, John. “The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965-66 in Indonesia.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics (April 2025)

Schaefer, Bernd and Baskara T. Wardaya, eds. 1965: Indonesia and the World / Indonesia dan Dunia (Bilingual Edition). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2013.

Sendra, Juliette. “Local Political Authority and State Violence in the Rural Javanese ‘Margins’: From the Communist Massacre to the Advent of Suharto’s Dictatorship (1965-98).” Indonesia, no. 120 (October 2025): 73-95.

Setyadi, Rumekso, and Saiful H. Shodiq. “Dari Ksatria Menjadi Paria: Degradasi Peran dan Pembunuhan Politik Sistematik: Catatan Awal Peristiwa ‘65/’66 di Yogyakarta.” Tashwirul Afkar no. 15 (2003): 109-120.

Siauw Giok Tjhan. G30S dan Kejahatan Negara. Ultimus, 2015.

Siregar, M.R. Tragedi Manusia dan Kemanusiaan: Kasus Indonesia: Sebuah Holokaus yang Diterima Sesudah Perang Dunia Kedua. Surrey, England: Tapol, 1995.

Sloan, Stephen. A Study in Political Violence: The Indonesian Experience. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971.

Stoler, Ann. Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra’s Plantation Belt, 1870-1979. 2nd ed. University of Michigan Press, 1995.

Sufi, Rusdi and M. Munur Aziz. Peristiwa PKI di Aceh. Banda Aceh: CV. Boebon Jaya, 2017.

Sujatmiko, Iwan Gardono. “The Destruction of the Indonesian communist party (PKI): A Comparative Analysis of East Java and Bali.” Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1992.

Sujatmiko, Iwan Gardono. “Kehancuran PKI Tahun 1965-1966.” Sejarah 9. Jakarta: Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia, n.d., c. 2001.

Sulistyo, Hermawan. Palu Arit di Ladang Tebu: Sejarah Pembantaian Massal yang Terlupakan 1965-1966(Jombang-Kediri 1965-66). Jakarta: KPG, 2000. This book is a translation of the author’s dissertation: “The Forgotten Years: The Missing History of Indonesia’s Mass Slaughter (Jombang-Kediri 1965–1966).” Ph.D. thesis, Arizona State University, 1997. Despite the book’s title, only one chapter of the book is actually about the massacres in Jombang and Kediri. That chapter is based on remarkably few interviews. Sulistiyo, while ignoring the role of the army, winds up blaming the civilians of the NU for the killings. 

Suryawan, I Ngurah. Ladang Hitam di Pulau Dewa: Pembantaian Massal di Bali, 1965. Galang Press, 2007.

Trisila, Slamat. “The Sutedja File: Gubernur Bali Pertama dalam Lipatan Sejarah.” Jurnal Kajian Bali 3, no. 1 (April 2013): 115-138.

Tsai, Yen-Ling, and Douglas Kammen. “Anti-communist Violence and the Ethnic Chinese in Medan, North Sumatra.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katherine McGregor, 131-155. NUS Press, 2012.

Van Klinken, Gerry. “Pembunuhan di Maumere: Kewarganeraraan Pascapenjajahan.” Jurnal Ledalero 14, no. 1 (June 2015): 11-33.

Wahid, Abdul. “Campus on Fire: Indonesian Universities During the Political Turmoil of 1950s-1960s.” Archipel 95 (2018): 31-52.

Wahid, Abdul. “Counterrevolution in a Revolutionary Campus: How Did the ‘1965 Event’ Affect an Indonesian Public University?” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics, and Legacies, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 157-178. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Webb, R.A.F. Paul. “The Sickle and the Cross: Christians and Communists in Bali, Flores, Sumba and Timor, 1965-67.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (March 1986).

Webb, R.A.F. Paul, and Steven Farram. Di-PKI-kan: Tragedi 1965 dan Kaum Nasrani di Indonesia Timur. Syarikat Indonesia, 2005.

Wertheim, Wim F. “The Truth About GERWANI: The Gender Aspect of the Suharto Regime.” Tribunal 1965. 30 September 2016. https://www.tribunal1965.org/en/the-truth-about-gerwani-the-gender-aspect-of-the-suharto-regime/.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Sexual Slander and the 1965-1966 Mass Killings in Indonesia: Political and Methodological Considerations.” Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 125, National University of Singapore. November 2009.

Wieringa, Saskia E. Penghancuran Gerakan Perempuan: Politik Seksual di Indonesia Pasca Kejatuhan PKI. Yogkayarta: Galangpress, 2010.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Sexual Slander Revealed: The Story of Jamilah/Jemilah and The Act of Killing.” Indonesian Feminist Journal 3, no. 1 (2015): 14-22.   

Wieringa, Saskia E. “The Women and the Generals: Unraveling a Myth of Sexual Perversion.” Archipel 99 (June 2020): 23-27.

Wieringa, Saskia E., and Nursyahbani Katjasungkana. Propaganda and the Genocide in Indonesia: Imagined Evil. Milton: Routledge, 2018.

Winward, Mark. “Capture from Below: Civil-Military Relations during Indonesia’s Anticommunist Violence, 1965-66.” Indonesia, no. 106 (October 2018): 111-136.

Winward, Mark, and Siddharth Chandra. “Violence on the Margins: Local Power, Spillover Effects, and Patterns of Violence in Gunung Kidul, 1965-66.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 11-30.

Bevins, Vincent. The Jakarta Method: Washington’s Anticommunist Crusade & the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. New York: Pacific Affairs, 2020. 

Howland, Richard Cabot. “The Lessons of the September 30 Affair.” Studies in Intelligence 14: 2 (Fall 1970): 13-29. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v14i2a02p_0001.htm Howland comments on the difficulty of gaining reliable information about the killings.

Kadane, Kathy. “Ex-Agents say CIA compiled death lists for Indonesians.” San Francisco Examiner. May 20, 1990. http://www.namebase.org/kadane.html The journalist Kathy Kadane filed a news story for States News Service in May 1990 that was picked up by a number of newspapers, including the Washington Post and Boston Globe. The story was about how the U.S. embassy in Jakarta provided thousands of names of communists to the Indonesian army. Kadane based her story on interviews with embassy officials: Marshall Green, Edward Masters, Jack Lydman, and Robert Martens. She has deposited the recordings of her interviews at the National Security Archive collection in the George Washington University library (in Washington D.C.). The former CIA agent, Ralph McGehee, supported Kadane’s story: Covert Action Quarterly (Fall 1990): http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/McGehee_CIA_Indo.html The New York Times did not run Kadane’s story. Instead it published a critique of the story. Michael Wines, “C.I.A. Tie Asserted in Indonesia Purge.” 12 July 1990, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDA1431F931A25754C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all

Kadane, Kathy. “US Officials’ Lists Aided Indonesian Bloodbath in ‘60s.” Washington Post, May 21, 1990.

Prashad, Vijay. “Bali: Death of the Communists.” In The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World, edited by Vijay Prashad, 151-164. The New Press, 2007.

Scott, Peter Dale. “North American Universities and the 1965 Indonesian Massacre: Indonesian Guilt and Western Responsibility.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 12, no. 50 (2014): 1-12.

Scott, Peter Dale. “Islam, a Forgotten Holocaust, and American Historical Amnesia.” The Asia Pacific Journal 13, no. 3 (April 13, 2015).

Wertheim, W.F. “ ‘‘J’Accuse,” teks pidato W. F. Wertheim memprotes kebungkaman Belanda atas 1965.” Translated to Indonesian by Lea Pamungkas. Gerakingatan. 4 May 1969. https://gerakingatan.omeka.net/items/show/217

Forty Years of Silence (2008). Produced by Robert Lemelson. See the website: http://www.40yearsofsilence.com/‍

Jembatan Bacem (2013). Film by Yayan Wiludiharto. Indonesia: ELSAM and Pakorba Solo. https://multimedia.elsam.or.id/jembatan-bacem-film-dokumenter-tentang-survivor-peristiwa-1965-di-solo/.

Puisi tak Terkuburkan (2001). Film by Garin Nugroho. Indonesia. The film is based on the experience of Ibrahim Kadir, a poet in Aceh, who was imprisoned in 1965 and witnessed people being taken out of prison to be executed.

Shadowplay (2002). An excellent film made by Chris Hilton and Sylvie Le Clezio. Australia. Shown on some PBS stations in the US. See the website about the film: http://www.thirteen.org/shadowplay/about.html

Terlena (2004). Produced by Andre Vltchek. See the website: http://www.millache.org/‍ ‍

The Act of Killing (2012). Film by Joshua Oppenheimer, Anonymous and Christine Cynn. United States: Drafthouse Films.

The Look of Silence (2015). Film by Joshua Oppenheimer, S.B. Sorensen, L. Skree. United States: Drafthouse Films.

The Women and the Generals (2013). Documentary. Film by Maj Wechselmann. Swedish Television (SvT)/ Norwegian Broadcasting (NRK)/ Fritt Ord (Norway).

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Dari Benturan ke Konsolidasi: Tentang NU dan ‘Buku Putih’ 1965.” IndoProgress.com. 13 December 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/12/dari-benturan-ke-konsolidasi-tentang-nu-dan-buku-putih-1965/.

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Memahami Kembali Peran NU pada Detik-Detik September-Oktober 1965.” Islam Bergerak. 21 November 2014. https://islambergerak.com/2014/11/memahami-kembali-peran-nu-pada-detik-detik-september-oktober-1965/

Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad. “Islam Indonesia dan Pemulihan Luka Bersama via Keadilan dan Penulisan Ulang Sejarah.” Islam Bergerak. 13 November 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/11/islam-indonesia-dan-pemulihan-luka-bersama-via-keadilan-dan-penulisan-ulang-sejarah/.

Anshori, Aan. “Rekonsiliasi 65 Koma.” Kompasiana. 28 February 2015. https://www.kompasiana.com/aananshori/54f33dec7455139f2b6c6d6c/rekonsiliasi-65-koma.

Anshori, Aan. “IPT 65 di Antara Kepungan Empat Kelompok.” Kompasiana. 18 August 2015. https://www.kompasiana.com/aananshori/55d353569493737910f33134/ipt-65-diantara-kepungan-empat-kelompok.

Anshori, Aan. “Hantu PKI di Pendataan Kiai.” Tribunal 1965. 9 February 2017. https://www.tribunal1965.org/hantu-pki-di-pendataan-kiai/.

Basuki, Novi. “Wawancara Soe Tjen Marching: ‘Papaku PKI atau Bukan, Tak Masalah Bagiku.’” Mojok.co. 2 August 2020. https://mojok.co/nvb/liputan/wawancara-soe-tjen-marching-papaku-pki-atau-bukan-tak-masalah-bagiku/

Djakababa, Yosef. “Dalam Rekonsiliasi, Memahami Sejarah Tragedi 1965 Harus Menyeluruh.” The Conversation. 28 September 2017. https://theconversation.com/demi-rekonsiliasi-memahami-sejarah-tragedi-1965-harus-menyeluruh-84569?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=bylinetwitterbutton

ELSAM. “Pembongkaran Kuburan Massal Peristiwa 1965 di Dusun Masaen, Jembrana.” October 29, 2015. https://www.elsam.or.id/uncategorized/pembongkaran-kuburan-massal-peristiwa-1965-di-dusun-masean-jembarana

Farid, Hilmar and Fildzah Izzati. “Hilmar Farid: Warisan Kunci Politik Orde Baru adalah Kemiskinan Imajinasi Politik, Sosial dan Kultural!” IndoProgress.com. 15 July 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/07/hilmar-farid-warisan-kunci-politik-orde-baru-adalah-kemiskinan-imajinasi-politik-sosial-dan-kultural/

Kurniawan, et al., eds. The Massacres: Coming to Terms with the Trauma of 1965. Tempo, 2015.

“Liputan Khusus: Pengakuan Algojo 1965.” Tempo, October 1-7, 2012.

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Oei Hiem Hwie: Editor Pramoedya di Buru.” Islam Bergerak. 6 Mei 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/05/oei-hiem-hwie-editor-pramoedya-di-buru/.

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Tentang Siksa, Tentara dan Agama: Kisah Hidup Antonius Pudji Rahardjo dari Koblen sampai Buru.” Islam Bergerak. 2 Juni 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/06/tentang-siksa-tentara-dan-agama-kisah-hidup-antonius-pudji-rahardjo-dari-koblen-sampai-buru/.

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Christina Sumarmiyati.” Tribunal 1965. 13 August 2015. https://www.tribunal1965.org/christina-sumarmiyati/  This is based on Soe Tjen Marching’s October 2015 issue of her magazine, Bhinneka, where she interviewed five women who were former female political prisoners. See this interview with Soe Tjen Marching: http s://www.vice.com/en/article/8qwyjp/the-activist-shining-a-light-on-the-women-prisoners-of-the-indonesian-massacres.

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Kalau PKI Tidak Diberantas, Kitalah yang Binasa?” DW.com. 29 September 2015. https://www.dw.com/id/kalau-pki-tidak-diberantas-kitalah-yang-binasa/a-18749872

Marching, Soe Tjen. “Palu Arit: Penampakan yang Menghantui Indonesia.” DW.com. 29 September 2015. https://www.dw.com/id/palu-arit-penampakan-yang-menghantui-indonesia/a-18707349.

Murtadho, Roy. “NU di Masa 65.” IndoProgress.com. 27 November 2014. https://islambergerak.com/2014/11/nu-di-masa-65-bagian-1/.

Murtadho, Roy. “IPT 65, Hipokrisi dan Kebungkaman Kita.” IndoProgress.com. 27 November 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/11/ipt-65-hipokrisi-dan-kebungkaman-kita/.

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Umi Sardjono: Feminis Marxis Yang Menakhodai Gerwani.” IndoProgress.com. 16 February 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/02/umi-sardjono-feminis-marxis-yang-menakhodai-gerwani/.

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Chaos Untuk Coup?” IndoProgress.com. 21 September 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/09/chaos-untuk-coup/.

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Domestikasi vs Revolusionerisasi Politik Perempuan Sebelum G30S.” IndoProgress.com. 5 October 2017. https://indoprogress.com/2017/10/domestikasi-vs-revolusionerisasi-politik-perempuan-sebelum-g30s/.

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Narasi Perempuan Tentang Revolusi Indonesia.” IndoProgress.com. 16 August 2018. https://indoprogress.com/2018/08/narasi-perempuan-tentang-revolusi-indonesia/.

Rahayu, Ruth Indiah. “Feminisme Anti-Imperialis Gerwani di Panggung Perang Dingin.” IndoProgress.com. 13 February 2020. https://indoprogress.com/2020/02/feminisme-anti-imperialis-gerwani-di-panggung-perang-dingin/.

Ratih, I Gusti Agung Ayu. “Ade Rostina Sitompul; Madam Klandestin.” Memoar Ade Rostina. 14 September 2014. https://memoaraderostina.wordpress.com/2014/09/14/ade-rostina-sitompul-madam-klandestin/.

Roosa, John. “Prof. John Roosa: Identitas Bangsa Indonesia Berubah Total Sesudah 1965.” Indoprogress. 17 September 2012. https://indoprogress.com/2012/09/wawancara-2/.

Santoso, Aboeprijadi. “1965 – Tahun Matahari Tenggelam: Sebuah Refleksi.” Aboeprijadi. 16 September 2015. http://aboeprijadi.com/2015/09/1965-tahun-matahari-tenggelam/.

Supriatma, Made. “Hari Raya Orde Baru (30 September dan 1 Oktober).” IndoProgress.com. 2 October 2014. https://indoprogress.com/2014/10/hari-raya-orde-baru-30-september-dan-1-oktober/.

Supriatma, Made. “Selamat Ulang Tahun, Jenderal Jagal Besar!” Indoprogress.com. 8 June 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/06/selamat-ulang-tahun-jendral-jagal-besar/.

Supriatma, Made. “1965: Pembunuhan Tanpa Akhir.” IndoProgress.com. 21 June 2015. https://indoprogress.com/2015/06/1965-pembunuhan-tanpa-akhir/.

Supriatma, Made. “Fobia 1965: Tidak Mudah Melawan Kegamangan.” DW. 16 May 2016. https://www.dw.com/id/fobia-1965-tidak-mudah-melawan-kegamangan/a-19251713.

Taum, Yoseph Yapi. “Tragedi 1965 dalam Karya-Karya Umar Kayam: Perspektif Antonio Gramsci.” IndoProgress.com. 7 September 2014. https://indoprogress.com/2014/09/tragedi-1965-dalam-karya-karya-umar-kayam-perspektif-antonio-gramsci/.

Wibisono, Joss. “G30S dalam Pers Belanda.” Historia. 29 September 2017. https://historia.id/politik/articles/g30s-dalam-pers-belanda-DrBql.

Yusuf, Windu. “Bachtiar Siagian dan Misteri Realisme Sosialis Dalam Film Indonesia.” IndoProgress, November 5, 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/11/bachtiar -siagian-dan-misteri-realisme-sosialis-dalam-film-indonesia/.

Bevins, Vincent. “In Indonesia, the ‘Fake News’ that Fueled a Cold War Massacre is Still Potent Five Decades Later.” The Washington Post. 30 September 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/30/in-indonesia-the-fake-news-that-fueled-a-cold-war-massacre-is-still-potent-five-decades-later/.

Bevins, Vincent. “What the United States Did in Indonesia.” The Atlantic. 20 October 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/   Indonesian translation of this article: “Penbunuhan Massal 1965: Apa yang Amerika Lakukan kepada Indonesia?” https://www.matamatapolitik.com/pembunuhan-massal-1965-apa-yang-amerika-lakukan-kepada-indonesia/.

Cribb, Robert. “Behind the Coup that Backfired: the Demise of Indonesia’s Communist Party.” The Conversation. 29 September 2015. https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640.

Cribb, Robert and Michele Ford. “The Killings of 1965-66.” Inside Indonesia ed. 99: Jan-March 2010, 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-killings-of-1965-66.

Danaparamita, Aria. “Revisiting an Indonesian Massacre 50 Years On.” Aljazeera. 30 September 2015. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/9/30/revisiting-an-indonesian-massacre-50-years-on.

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also https://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/multimedia/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why

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Scott, Peter Dale. “Still Uninvestigated after 50 Years: Did the US Help Incite the 1965 Indonesia Massacre?” Global Research. 5 August 2015. https://www.globalresearch.ca/still-uninvestigated-after-50-years-did-the-u-s-help-incite-the-1965-indonesia-massacre/5467309.

Setiawan, Ken. “A Hidden Past.” Inside Indonesia. 15 July 2015. https://www.insideindonesia.org/a-hidden-past.

Setiyawan, Dahlia Gratia. “Terror in Tandes.” Inside Indonesia 99 (Jan-March 2010). https://www.insideindonesia.org/terror-in-tandes.

Simpson, Bradley. “Accomplices in Atrocity.” Inside Indonesia 99: 24 January 2010. https://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity.

Simpson, Bradley. “The United States and the 1965-1966 Mass Murders in Indonesia.” Monthly Review. 1 December 2015. https://monthlyreview.org/2015/12/01/the-united-states-and-the-19651966-mass-murders-in-indonesia/.

Vann, Michael G. “Jakarta 1965: The Party’s Over.” The Long Global Sixties 34, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall 2018): 10-13. http://www.thewha.org/files/pdf/whb/34.12.pdf.

Vann, Michael G. “Suharto’s Shadow Still Lingers in Indoensian Museums.” The Diplomat. 6 February 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/suhartos-shadow-still-lingers-in-indonesian-museums/.

Vickers, Adrian. “Unclean Environment: Ensuring that Victims of the Indoensian Massacres Do Not Simply Remain Statistics.” TLS. 10 August 2018. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/unclean-environment-indonesia/.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Breaking the Silence around the 1965 Indonesian Genocide.” The Conversation. 1 October 2014. https://theconversation.com/breaking-the-silence-around-the-1965-indonesian-genocide-32280.

Wieringa, Saskia. “How Should Indonesia Resolve Atrocities of the 1965-66 Anti-Communist Purge?” The Conversation. 20 April 2016. https://theconversation.com/how-should-indonesia-resolve-atrocities-of-the-1965-66-anti-communist-purge-57885.

Wieringa, Saskia. “Confronting a Violent Past.” New Mandala. 2 June 2016. https://www.newmandala.org/confronting-a-violent-past/.

Wieringa, Saskia. “Indonesia’s 1965 Genocide is a Global Affair.” New Mandala. 28 July 2016. https://www.newmandala.org/indonesias-1965-genocide-global-affair/.

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Kopkamtib. Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Kopkamtib No. JUKLAK 15/KOPKAM/V/1982 [May 27, 1982] tentang Screening Mental Ideologis terhadap Pelamar untuk Menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Karyawan Instansi Pemerintah/Perusahaan Swasta Vital.

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May, Brian. The Indonesian Tragedy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978: pp. 27-40. May worked four years as the correspondent of Agence France-Presse in Jakarta. The information presented on the political prisoners is valuable though the main thesis of the book is classicly Orientalist: the Indonesians have a completely different culture that is inscrutable to ‘the West.’

Abdurahim, Tuba bin. Mendaki Bukit Usia: Pemuda Rakyat dalam Tahanan Orde Baru. Ultimus, 2022.

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Bustam, Mia. Mutiara Kisah Masa Lalu. Ultimus, 2024.

Demokrasno, A. Gumelar, and Harsutejo. Dari Kalong Sampai Pulau Buru: 11 Tahun Dalam Sekapan, Penjara, Pembuangan dan Kerja Rodi (Kisah Tapol dalam Sketsa). Pusat Sejarah dan Etika Politik, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2006.

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Harsutejo. Keluarga Abangan. Ultimus, 2013.

Havelaar, Ruth (Jitske Mulder). Quartering: A Story of a Marriage in Indonesia During the Eighties. Clayton, Victoria: Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no. 24, 1991. Translated into Dutch as: Inkwartiering, Indonesie door de Ogen van een Nederlandse Vrouw. Breda, 1992. Translated into Indonesian as: Selamat Tinggal Indonesia. Jakarta: Lentera, 1995; republished: Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2002. Mulder married an ex-tapol, Hersri Setiawan, and lived with him in Jakarta.

Ibu Marni. “I am a Leaf in a Storm.” trans. by Anton Lucas. Indonesia, no. 47 (April 1989): 49-60.

Mars Noersmono. Bertahan Hidup di Pulau Buru. Bandung: Ultimus, 2017.

Moestahal, H. Achmadi. Dari Gontor ke Pulau Buru. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2002.  

Mrázek, Rudolf. “Only the Deaf Hear Well.” Indonesia, no. 61 (April 1996): 51-92.

Muhamad, Bisri. Dari Pandeglang ke Pulau Buru: Menapak Jalan Pembuangan, Menanti Keadilan. Ultimus, 2025.

Munadi. “Yang Tak Terlupakan.” Jakarta, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/cerita_kami/g30s/munadi.pdf.

N Syam H. Bulembangbu: Kisah Pahit Seorang Tahanan G.30.S. Jakarta: Cipta Pustaka, 2009.

Oei Hiem Hwie. Memoar Oei Hiem Hwie: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Medayu Agung. Wastu Lanas Grafika, 2015.

Oei Tjoe Tat. Memoar Oei Tjoe Tat, Pembantu Presiden Soekarno. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1995.

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Memoar Hario Kecik: Autobiografi Seorang Mahasiswa Prajurit. Jakarta: Obor, 1995.

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Memoar Hario Kecik 2. Jakarta: Obor, 2001.

Padmodiwirio, Soehario. Dari Moskwa ke Peking: Memoar Hario Kecik 3. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2005.

Pandu Nusa. “The Path of Suffering: The Report of a Political Prisoner on his Journey through Various Prison Camps in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 19, no. 1 (1987).

Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu, 2 volumes. Jakarta: Lentera, 1995-1997.

Prayitno, Suyatno, Astaman Hasibuan, and Buntoro. Kesaksian Tapol Orde Baru: Guru, Seniman, dan Prajurit Tjakra. Jakarta: ISAI and Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003.

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Raid, Hasan. Pergulatan Muslim Komunis. Yogyakarta: LKPSM/Syarikat, 2001.

Reksoprodjo, Setiadi. Refleksi Orang Biasa Dalam Sejarah yang Luar Biasa. Jakarta: Pakorba, 2007.

Sarbinatun. “From the Men They Took Their Labor, from the Women They Took Everything.” Translated by Nancy Florida. Indonesia, no. 120 (October 2025): 39-71.

Saroso, Kresno. Dari Salemba ke Pulau Buru: Memoar Seorang Tapol Orde Baru. Jakarta: ISAI and Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2002.

Sasongko, HD Haryo. Anak Bangsa Terpidana. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003. Although the author presents this book as a memoir, many of the events appear to be fictionalized.  

Sasongko, HD Haryo. Korupsi Sejarah dan Kisah Derita Akar Rumput. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2005.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Dua Wajah dalam Satu Haribaan: Warna-warna Pendewasaan di Pulau Buru.” Prisma (Oktober 1979).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Keeping Your Head: Memoir of Detention in Prison.” Inside Indonesia (October 1984).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Art and Entertainment in New Order’s Jails.” Indonesia, no. 59 (April 1985): 1-20.

Setiawan, Hersri. Dunia yang Belum Sudah. Kockengen, 1993. 46 p. This pamphlet, privately published by the author, contains essays about life on Buru island and exile literature.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Between the Bars.” Trans. Mary Zurbuchen. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 25-34.

Setiawan, Hersri. Aku Ex-Tapol. Yogyakarta: Galang, 2003.

Setiawan, Hersri. Memoar Pulau Buru. Magelang: Indonesiatera, 2004.

Setiawan, Hersri. Diburu di Pulau Buru. Yogyakarta: Galang Press, 2006.

Setiawan, Hersri. Kidung untuk Korban: Dari Tutur Sepuluh Narasumber Eks-Tapol Sala. Surakarta: Pakorba Sala, 2006.

Siagian, Bachtiar. Catatan Kemarau. No place or date of publication. 24 p. Poems written in prison 1972-75.

Siagian, Bachtiar. Elegi Tanah Deli. Jakarta, 1987. 62 p. Stories about plantation work in Sumatra written 1950-55.

Siauw Giok Tjhan. “Berbagai Catatan dari Berbagai Macam Cerita yang Dikumpulkan dalam Percakapan2 dengan Berbagai Teman Tahanan di Salemba, Rumah Tahanan Chusus, dan Nirbaya.” Jakarta, typescript, not dated, c. late 1970s.

Siauw Giok Tjhan. Under the pseudonym of Sigit. “The Smiling General Harus Dituntut ke Mahkamah.” Written 1979. Privately printed and circulated 1996.

Siauw Tiong Djin. Siauw Giok Tjhan. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1999.

Sibarani, Agustin. Karikatur dan Politik. Jakarta, ISAI, Garba Budaya, and Media Lintas Inti Nusantara, 2001.

Soepardjan, Adam. Mendobrak Penjara Rezim Soeharto. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

Stewart, Frank, and John McGlynn, eds. Silenced Voices: New Writing from Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press, 2000.

Sudjinah. Terempas Gelombang Pasang: Riwayat Wartawati dalam Penjara Orde Baru. Jakarta: Pustaka Utan Kayu, 2003.

Sulami. Perempuan, Kebenaran dan Penjara. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 1999.

Sulami. Merentang Purnama. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 2001.

Suparman, H. Sebuah Catatan Tragedi 1965: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai ke Mekah. Bandung: Nuansa, 2006. 

Sy. Datuk R.A. Derita Sepahit Empedu: Kehidupan Eks-Tapol 65 di Alam Minangkabau. Ultimus, 2015.

Taher, Yoseph Tugio. Riau Berdarah: Kisah Perjalanan Hidupku. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2006.

Tamrin, Misbach. Amrus Natalsya dan Bumi Tarung. Bogor: AMNAT Studio, 2008.

Tan Swie Ling. G30S 1965, Perang Dingin dan Kehancuran Nasionalisme: Pemikiran Cina Jelata Korban Orba. Komunitas Bambu, 2010.

Tjiptaning, Ribka. Aku Bangga Jadi Anak PKI. Jakarta: Cipta Lestari, 2002. The author is a daughter of political prisoner.

Wilson and Edy Haryadi. Riwayat Gembel Soedijono. Jakarta: privately published, 2006. The subject of this biography, Gembel Soedijono, was detained without charge for eight months in 1966, then released at the request of Col. Ali Moetopo, Suharto’s right-hand man, so that he could work as an intelligence agent.

Aleida, Martin. Malam Kelabu, Ilyana dan Aku: Kumpulan Empat Cerita Pendek. Jakarta: Yayasan Darma Warga, 1998. 88 p.

Aleida, Martin. Layang-Layang Itu Tak Lagi Mengepak Tinggi-Tinggi. Jakarta: Emansipasi, 1999.

Aleida, Martin. Perempuan depan Kaca: Dan Dongeng dari Dunia Lain. Jakarta: Darma Warga, 2000. 96 p.

Aleida, Martin. Leontin Dewangga: Kumpulan Cerpen. Jakarta. Kompas, 2003.

Aleida, Martin. Jamangilak Tak Pernah Menangis. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2004.

Aleida, Martin. Dendam Perempuan dan Cerita Lain. Jakarta: Pusat Dokumentasi Sastra H.B. Jassin, 2006.

Aleida, Martin. Mati Baik-Baik, Kawan: Kumpulan Cerita Pendek. Ultimus, 2014.

Aleida, Martin. Teropong dan Suryakanta: Sejumlah Kisah, Esai, dan Kritik Karya. Somalaing Art Studio, 2021.

Aleida, Martin. Kebaya Merah di Tebing Kanal. Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2025.

Anantaguna, Sabar. Puisi-Puisi dari Penjara. Ultimus, 2010.

Bandaharo, HR. Aku Hadir di Hari Ini. Ultimus, 2010.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Selat Bali: Sajak-Sajak Buat Burung Camar. Jakarta: Inkultra Foundation, 1982. 55 p.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Tembang Jalak Bali: The Song of the Starling. Bilingual edition. Trans. Keith Foulcher. Kuala Lumpur: Wira Karya, 1986.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Keringat Mutiara. Jakarta: Kalyanamitra, 1991. English translation: The Sweat of Pearls: Short Stories about Women of Bali. Trans. Vern Cork. Darlington, Australia: Darma, 1999. 

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Merajut Harkat. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1999.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Di Atas Siang di Bawah Malam. Jakarta: GagasMedia, 2004.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Rindu Terluka. Jakarta: Metafor, 2004. English translation: Wounded Longing. Jakarta: Survivor, 2004.

Sutikno W.S. Nyanyian dalam Kelam. Ultimus, 2010.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. The ‘Buru tetralogy’ consists of four books all published by Hasta Mitra in Jakarta: Bumi Manusia (1980), Anak Semua Bangsa (1980), Jejak Langkah (1985) and Rumah Kaca (1988). These books have been translated into English by Max Lane and published in various editions by William Morrow and Penguin under the titles: This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and Glass House. They have been translated into many other languages besides. Hilmar Farid has written an article explaining how they were written on Buru and later published in Jakarta: “Tentang Kelahiran Bumi Manusia.” In Bonnie Triyana and Max Lane, eds. Liber Amicorum: 80 Tahun Joesoef Isak (Jakarta: ISAI, Komunitas Bambu, and Praxis, 2008): 65-85. For more information on Pramoedya see the website: http://www.radix.net/~bardsley/prampage.html‍ ‍

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Arus Balik. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1995. This massive novel about Java in the 16th century was written on Buru island. It has been translated into Dutch by Henk Maier. One chapter has been translated into English and discussed by John Roosa: “The Port of Tuban.” Emergences 10, no. 2 (2000): 277-300.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu. 2 vols. These two volumes consist of his essays about life in the prison camps on Buru island 1969-79. Both volumes were privately published by Pramoedya using Lentera as the name of the publisher. The first volume was published in 1995 and the second in 1997. Selections from these two volumes have been translated into English by Willem Samuels (pseudonym) as: A Mute’s Soliloquy: A Memoir. (New York: Hyperion, 1999; and later editions by Penguin).

Ahmad, Taufik. “South Sulawesi: The Military, Prison Camps, and Forced Labour.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katharine McGregor, 156-81. NUS Press, 2012.

Aveling, Harry. Man and Society in the Works of the Indonesian Playwright Utuy Tatang Sontani. Southeast Asian Program, University of Hawaii, 1979.

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Budiawan. “Tortured Body, Betrayed Heart: State Violence in an Indonesian Novel by an Ex-Political Prisoner of the ‘1965 Affair.’” In Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution, edited by Charles Coppel, 242-257. Routledge, 2006.

Budiawan. “Living with the Spectre of the Past: Traumatic Experiences among Wives of Former Political Prisoners of the ‘1965 Event’ in Indonesia.” In Contestations of Memory in Southeast Asia, edited by Roxana Waterson and Kwok Kian-Woon, 269-290. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011.

Chambert-Loir, Henri. “Ideology as a Transmitted Disease: the World of Asahan Alham.” Archipel 91 (2016): 147-176.

Chambert-Loir, Henri. “Locked Out: Literature of the Indonesian Exiles Post-1965.” Archipel 91 (2016): 119-145. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/308

Chambert-Loir, Henri. “Utuy Tatang Sontani and the Man with Smouldering Eyes.” Archipel 95 (2018): 111-132. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/680

Dermawan T., Agus, and Astri Wright. Hendra Gunawan: A Great Modern Indonesian Painter. Jakarta: Ciputra Foundation and Archipelago Press, 2001. 

Estrelita, Gloria Truly. “The Catholic Priests, the Political Prisoners, and the Military: History of a New Religio-Political Chessboard in Indonesia.” Asian Studies 1 (June 2022): 146-152.

Fealy, Greg. The Release of Indonesia’s Political Prisoners: Domestic vs. Foreign Policy. Clayton: Monash University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, 1995.

Feith, Herb. “A blot on the New Order’s record: The fate of 80,000 political prisoners in Indonesia.” A shorter version appeared in The New Republic, 13 April 1968.

Hearman, Vannessa. “The Last Men in Havana: Indonesian Exiles in Cuba.” RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 44, no. 1 (2010): 83-109.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Letter-writing and Transnational Activism on Behalf of Indonesian Political Prisoners: Gatot Lestario and his Legacy.” Critical Asian Studies 42, no. 2 (2016): 145-167.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Buru Island: Still Much More to Reveal.” Archipel 99 (June 2020): 29-33.

Hearman, Vannessa. “From Indonesia with Love: Friendships between Political Prisoners and their Pen Pals and the Creation of Human Rights Activist Networks.” Hostire Sociale (July 2020).

Hill, David T. Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics. In: 17th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia: Is this the Asian Century?, 1-3 July 2008, Melbourne, Australia pp. 1-13. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/16087/.

Hill, David T. “Indonesia’s Exiled Left as the Cold War Thaws.” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 44, no. 1 (January 2010): 21–51.

Hill, David T. "Writing Lives in Exile: Autobiographies of the Indonesian Left Abroad." In Locating Life Stories: Beyond East-West Binaries in (Auto)Biographical Studies, edited by Maureen Perkins. University of Hawai'i Press, 2012. University Press Scholarship Online, 2016.  

Hill, David T. “Indonesian Political Exiles in the USSR.” Critical Asian Studies 46, no. 4 (2014): 621-643. https://pdfslide.net/documents/indonesian-political-exiles-in-the-ussr.html.

Hill, David T. “Cold War Polarization, Delegated Party Authority, and Diminishing Exilic Options: The Dilemma of Indonesian Political Exiles in China after 1965.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 176, nos. 2-3 (2020): 338-372. https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/2-3/article-p338_5.xml.

Hill, David T. “The Fragile Bloom of the Kimilsungia: Indonesian Political Exiles in North Korea.” Indonesia and the Malay World 50, no. 147 (2022): 139-160.

Hill, David T. “Indonesian political exiles in the Netherlands after 1965; Postcolonial nationalists in an era of transnationalism.” Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 23, no. 3 (2022): 577-611.

Kakiailatu, Toeti. “Bekas Tahanan Politik G30S/PKI: Studi tentang Strategi Adaptasi Mereka terhadap Keluarga, Masyarakat dan Habitat Baru.” Thesis. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Indonesia, 1984.  

Kammen, Douglas and Faizah Zakaria. “Detention in Mass Violence: Policy and Practice in Indonesia, 1965-1968.” Critical Asian Studies 44, no. 3 (2012): 441-466.

Kartika, Dyah Ayu. “The Politicization of Psychology: The Role of Psychologists in Indonesia’s Detention Camps During New Order Era.” MA Thesis, International Institute of Social Studies, 2016.

Krisnadi, I.G. “Sistem Pertanian Kolektif Tapol Buru 1969-79.” Gerbang 4, no. 9 (April-May 2001).

Krisnadi, I.G. Tahanan Politik Pulau Buru 1969-1979. Jakarta: LP3ES, 2001.

Kusumabrata, Alvino. “Beijing Menaungi Jusuf Adjitorop dari Badai G30S.” Tirto. 27 September 2023. https://tirto.id/beijing-menaungi-jusuf-adjitorop-dari-badai-g30s-gPV5.

Kusumabrata, Alvino. “Sidik Kertapati, Eksponen Pejuang Revolusi yang Terasingkan.” Tirto. 3 November 2023. https://tirto.id/jiwa-pemuda-sidik-kertapati-langgeng-sepanjang-riwayat-indonesia-gREm.

Lestariningsih, Amurwani Dwi. Gerwani: Kisah Tapol Wanita di Kamp Plantungan. Kompas, 2011.

Margiyono and Kurniawan Tri Yunanto. Neraka Rezim Suharto: Misteri Tempat Penyiksaan Orde Baru. Spasi and VHR Book, 2007.

Nugroho, Singgih. Menyintas dan Menyeberang: Perpindahan Massal Keagamaan Pasca 1965 di Pedesaan Jawa. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2008. An excellent study of single village near Salatiga and the large number of people there who joined Christian churches during and after the terror of 1965-66.

Pohlman, Annie. “Janda PKI: Stigma and Sexual Violence against Communist Widows Following the 1965-1966 Massacres in Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 44, no. 129 (2016): 68-83.

Pohlman, Annie. “Finding a Way: Women’s Stories of Daily Survival after the 1965 Killings in Indonesia.” In Genocide Perspectives V: A Global Crime, Australian Voices, edited by Nikki Marczak and Kirril Shields, 131-145. Sydney: University of Technology, Sydney, ePress, 2017.

Pohlman, Annie, et al. “Patterns of New Order Torture: Initial Findings from the Indonesia Torture Mapping (IndoTorM) Dataset.” Indonesia, no. 117 (April 2024): 59-88.

Rooyackers, Max. “‘Alternative’ Knowledge Production in Transnational Networks and Spaces: The Indonesian Exile Ernst Utrecht, 1960s—1970s.” Bandung: Journal of the Global South (2026): 1-32.

Sari, Ratna Mustika. Gerwani, Stigmatisasi dan Orde Baru. Laboratorium Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2007.

Sen, Krishna. “Death of a Film Legacy: Remembering Indonesia’s Bachtiar Siagian.” The Conversation. 12 October 2015. https://theconversation.com/death-of-a-film-legacy-remembering-indonesias-bachtiar-siagian-48444.

Sipayung, Bambang Alfred. “Exiled Memories: The Collective Memory of Indonesian 1965 Exiles.” Masters Thesis, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, December 2011.

Sriwahyuntari, Floriberta Aning. Kromo Kiwo: Mereka yang Tak Pernah Menyerah. Yogyakarta: Insist Press, 2004.

Sumiyarsi Siwirini C. Plantungan: Pembuangan Tapol Perempuan. Pusat Sejarah dan Etika Politik (Pusdep), Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010.

Tapol. Treatment of Indonesian Political Prisoners: Forced Labour and Transmigration. London, 1978. Tapol, based in Britain and led by Carmel Budiardjo, issued many reports and articles on the political prisoners in Indonesia and played a crucial role in raising international awareness of the problem. See its website: http://tapol.gn.apc.org/

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesia’s Political Prisoners.” Pacific Affairs 49, no. 4 (Winter 1976-77): 625-647.

Van Klinken, Helene. “Coming Out.” Inside Indonesia no. 58 (April-June 1999): http://insideindonesia.org/content/view/692/29/

White, Abigail. “Behind Nation-Building: Anti-Communist Repression in East Kalimantan, 1965-1980.” Honours thesis, University of British Columbia, April 2020.

Wibisana, Chris. “Tedjabayu.” PepNews. 25 February 2021. https://pepnews.com/index.php/politik/p-11614423b9855d5/tedjabayu.

Wibisana, Chris. “Tahun-Tahun Penahanan Mia Bustam, Aktivis Lekra Penyintas 1965.” Tirto. 30 September, 2022. https://tirto.id/tahun-tahun-penahanan-mia-bustam-aktivis-lekra-penyintas-1965-gwNG.

Aidit, Asahan. Alhamdulillah: Roman Memoar. Jakarta: Lembaga Sastra Pembebasan, 2006.

Aidit, Asahan. Cinta, Perang, dan Ilusi: Antara Moskow-Hanoi: Kumpulan Cerpen Memoar. Depok: Lembaga Humaniora, 2006. The author is a younger brother of D.N. Aidit.

Aidit, Sobron. Memoar. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana, 2002. The author is a younger brother of D.N. Aidit.

Aidit, Sobron. Razia Agustus: Kumpulan Cerpen. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004.

Aidit, Sobron. Buku yang Dipenjarakan: Memoar Orang Terbuang. Bandung: Nuansa, 2006.

Aidit, Sobron. Potret Diri dan Keluarga: Kumpulan Cerpen. Ultimus, 2015.

Alam, Ibarruri Putri. Roman Biografis Ibarruri Putri Alam, Anak Sulung D.N. Aidit. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2006. The author is D.N. Aidit’s daughter.

Alham, A. (Asahan Aidit). 23 Sajak Menangisi Viet Tri. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1998.

Alham, Asahan. (Asahan Aidit). Perang dan Kembang. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2001.

Alham, Asahan. (Asahan Aidit). Dendam Sejarah. Ultimus, 2019.

Budiman, Kuslan. Bendera Itu Masih Berkibar. Jakarta: Suara Bebas, 2005.

Fanggidaej, Francisca C. Memoar Perempuan Revolusioner. (Ditulis oleh Hersri Setiawan berdasarkan wawancara dengan Francisca Fanggidaej.) Yogyakarta: Galang, 2006.

Hamid, Chalik. Mawar Merah: Kumpulan Puisi. Ultimus, 2008.

Hanafi, A.M. A.M. Hanafi Menggugat. Lille, France: Edition Montblanc, 1998.

Ibrahim, A. Kohar, and John H. McGlynn, eds. Menagerie 6: Indonesian in Exile. The Lontar Foundation, 2004.

Isa, Ibrahim. Suara Seorang Eksil. Jakarta: Pustaka Pena, 2001.

Isa, Ibrahim. Bui Tanpa Jerajak Besi: Pikiran Seorang Eksil Indonesia di Luar Negeri. Klik Books, 2011.

Isa, Ibrahim. Tiongkok yang Kukenal. Ultimus, 2016.

Kembara, A. et al. Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil. Lontar and Yayasan Sejarah Budaya Indonesia, 2002.

Kreasi. A journal published by Indonesian exiles in Europe. It was published from Amsterdam from 1989 to 1997, and then again from 2001 to 2002.

Kusni, J.J. Negara Etnik: Beberapa Gagasan Pemberdayaan Suku Dayak. Yogyakarta: Forum Studi Perubahan dan Peradaban, 2001.

Kusni, J.J. Di Tengah Pergolakan: Turba Lekra di Klaten. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005. Originally published Limburg, Germany: Yayasan Langer, 1979.

Kusni, J.J. Membela Martabat Diri dan Indonesia: Koperasi Restoran Indonesia di Paris. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005.

Kusni, J.J. Aku Telah Dikutuk Jadi Laut: Surat-Surat Seorang Eksil kepada (Seorang) Anak Muda NU. Yogyakarta: Syarikat, 2007.

Lukman, Tatiana. Pelangi. Ultimus, 2010.

Mahdi, Waruno. Rekonsiliasi dan Integrasi di Masa Globalisasi. Jakarta: Suara Bebas, 2004.

Manap, Syarkawi. Di Pengasingan: Sebuah Kumpulan Cerita Pendek. Ultimus, 2007.

Manap, Syarkawi. Kisah Perjalanan. Ultimus, 2009.

Manap, Syarkawi. Mengenang Gubuk Reyot: dan Cerita-Cerita Lainnya. Ultimus, 2013.

Nurdiana. (Suar Suroso). Jelita Senandung Hidup. Ultimus, 2008.

Nurdiana. (Suar Suroso). Pelita Keajaiban Dunia: Kumpulan Puisi Nurdiana Jilid 2. Ultimus, 2010.

Ong, H. H. Aku dalam Pusaran Sejarah Negeriku: Proklamasi Kemerdekaan sampai G30S 1965. Ultimus, 2015.

Resobowo, Basuki. Bercermin di Muka Kaca: Seniman, Seni dan Masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Menjadi Eksil, Puisi Eksil, dan Indonesia: Wawancara dengan Agam Wispi.” IndoProgress.com. 5 August 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/08/menjadi-eksil-puisi-eksil-dan-indonesia-wawancara-dengan-agam-wispi/

Sontani, Utuy Tatang. Di Bawah Langit tak Berbintang. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2001.  

Sontani, Utuy Tatang. Menuju Kamar Durhaka: Sepilihan Cerita Pendek Karya Sastrawan Eksil. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2002.

Suroso, Suar. Akar dan Dalang: Pembantaian Manusia Tak Berdosa dan Penggulingan Bung Karno. Ultimus, 2013.

Suroso, Suar. Pikir itu Pelita Hati. Ultimus, 2015.

Henry Chambert-Loir has compiled an extensive bibliography of exile literature in Archipel 91, Paris, 2016. https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/311‍ ‍

Hearman, Vannessa. “Guerrillas, Guns, and Knives? Debating Insurgency in South Blitar, East Java, 1967-68.” Indonesia, no. 89 (April 2010): 61-91.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Dismantling the Fortress: East Java and the Transition to Suharto’s New Order Regime.” PhD diss., University of Melbourne, 2012.

Liem, Andre. “Perjuangan Bersenjata PKI di Blitar Selatan dan Operasi Trisula.” In Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan, edited by John Roosa, Ayu Ratih, and Hilmar Farid. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

Lin Shi Fang. Pergolakan Kalimantan Barat. Ultimus, 2022.

McVey, Ruth. “PKI Fortunes at Low Tide.” Problems of Communism (Jan-April 1971).

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesian Communism since the 1965 Coup.” Pacific Affairs 43, no. 1 (Spring 1970): 34-60.

Weatherbee, Donald. “Phoenix Supine: the Indonesian Communist Party and Armed Struggle.” In Armed Communist Movements in Southeast Asia, edited by Lim Joo-Jock. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984.

Bulletin Soeara Kita. Jakarta. Published by Yayasan Penelitian Korban Pembunuhan 1965/1966. 2000-2008. Monthly, irregular.

Pakorba Bulletin. Jakarta. Published by Paguyuban Korban Orde Baru.

Ruas. Yogyakarta. Published by Syarikat.

Tapol Bulletin. London. Published by Tapol. Link to digitzed access: http://bit.ly/19WLykX

Amnesty International. Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. Amnesty International Publications, 1977.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: Subversion Trials in Yogyakarta. Amnesty International Publications, 1989.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: Four Political Prisoners Executed. Amnesty International Publications, 1990.

Amnesty International. Power and Impunity: Human Rights under the New Order. Amnesty International Publications, 1994.

Amnesty International. Indonesia: The 1965 Prisoners—A Briefing. Amnesty International Publications, 1995.

Hardoyo. “Implikasi Penegasan Pangab Tentang Penghapusan Stigmatisasi ‘ET’ pada KTP eks-Tapol/Napol.” Jakarta, December 23, 1993, n.p.

Hardoyo. “Time to End the Cold War on Former Political Prisoners.” Inside Indonesia (March 1994): 14–15.

Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Komnas HAM). Pernyataan Komnas HAM tentang Hasil Penyelidikan Pelanggaran HAM yang Berat Peristiwa 1965-1966. Komnas HAM, 2012. http://stopimpunity.org/content/stopimpunity/eksekutif_summary_peristiwa_1965_4.pdf.

Slamet, Ibrahim. “Letter from Indonesia.” Index on Censorship 3, no. 1 (1974): 60-64.

Yayasan Pembela Tanah Air. “50 Tahun Kemerdekaan RI dan Problem Tapol/Napol di Indonesia.” January 28, 1995.

Abdullah, Taufik, Sukri Abdurrachman, and Restu Gunawan, eds. Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional. Vol. 3, Berakhir dan Bermula. Obor, 2013.

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. “Old State, New Society: Indonesia’s New Order in Comparative Historical Perspectives.” In Language and Power, Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, edited by Benedict Anderson, 94-120. Cornell University Press, 1990.

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G., ed. Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia. Cornell South-east Asia program, 2001.

Bourchier, David. “Crime, Law, and State Authority in Indonesia.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman, 177-211. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, 1990.

Bunnell, Frederick. “Indonesia’s Quasi-Military Regime.” Current History (January 1967).

Caldwell, Malcolm, ed. Ten Years’ Military Terror in Indonesia. London: Spokesman Books, 1975. 

Cribb, Robert. “The Historical Roots of Indonesia’s New Order: Beyond the Colonial Comparison.” In Soeharto’s New Order and its Legacy: Essays in honour of Harold Crouch, edited by Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy, 67-88. ANU ePress, 2010. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p687/pdf/ch05.pdf

Crouch, Harold. “The Army, the Parties and Elections.” Indonesia, no. 11 (April 1971): 177-191.

Crouch, Harold. “Military Politics under Indonesia’s New Order.” Pacific Affairs 45, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 206-219.

Crouch, Harold. “Generals and Business in Indonesia.” Pacific Affairs 48, no. 4 (Winter 1975-76): 519-540.

Djamaluddin, Dasman. General TNI Anumaerta Basoeki Rachmat dan Supersemar.  Jakarta: Grasindo, 1998.

Feith, Herbert. “Suharto’s Search for a Political Format.” Indonesia, no. 6 (October 1968): 88-105.

Hindley, Donald. “Alirans and the Fall of the Old Order.” Indonesia, no. 9 (April 1970): 23-66.

Jenkins, David. Suharto and his Generals: Indonesian Military Politics 1975-1983. Ithaca: Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project, 1984.

McDonald, Hamish. Suharto’s Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1981.

Oei, Hong Lan. “Indonesia’s Economic Stabilization and Rehabilitation Program: An Evaluation.” Indonesia, no. 5 (April 1968): 135-174.

Pambudi, A. Supersemar Palsu: Kesaksian Tiga Jenderal. Jakarta: Media Pressindo, 2006.

Panglaykim, J., and K.D. Thomas. “The New Order and the Economy.” Indonesia, no. 3 (April 1967): 73-120.

Pauker, Guy. “Indonesia: The Year of Transition.” Asian Survey 7, no. 2 (February 1967): 138-150.

Pauker, Guy. “Toward a New Order in Indonesia.” Foreign Affairs 45, no. 3 (April 1967): 503-519. 

Pertiwi, Dhianita Kusuma. Mengenal Orde Baru. EA Books, 2021.

Pohan, Y. Who Were the Real Plotters of the Coup against President Soekarno’s Government? Amsterdam: Indonesia Media Foundation, 1988.

Reeve, David. “The Corporatist State: The Case of Golkar.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman. Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990.

Robison, Richard. “Toward a Class Analysis of the Indonesian Military Bureaucratic State.” Indonesia, no. 25 (April 1978): 17-39.

Robison, Richard. “Culture, Politics, and Economy in the Political History of the New Order.” Indonesia, no. 31 (October 1980): 1-29.

Ryter, Loren. “Pemuda Pancasila: The Last Loyalist Free Men of Suharto’s Order?” In Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia, edited by Benedict Anderson, 124-155. Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2001.

Schwarz, Adam. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1994.

Siregar, M.R. Naiknya para Jenderal. Medan: Sumatera Human Rights Watch Network, 2000.

Soe Hok Gie. Catatan Seorang Demonstran. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1989.

Southwood, Julie, and Patrick Flanagan. Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror. London: Zed Press, 1983.

Sulastomo. Hari-Hari yang Panjang: Transisi Orde Lama ke Orde Baru: Sebuah Memoar. Kompas, 2008.

Sutley, Stewart. “The Indonesian ‘New Order’ as New Sovereign Space: Its Creation and Narrative of Self-concealment.” Space and Polity 4, no. 2 (2000): 131-152.

Tanter, Richard. “Intelligence Agencies and Third World Militarization: A Case Study of Indonesia, 1965-1989.” PhD diss., Monash University, 1990.

Tanter, Richard. “The Totalitarian Ambition: Intelligence and Security Agencies in Indonesia.” In State and Civil Society in Indonesia, edited by Arief Budiman, 215-288. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1990.

Utrecht, Ernst. Indonesie’s Nieuwe Orde: Ontbinding en Neokolonisatie. Amsterdam: van Gennep, 1970.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Indonesia: The Battle of the ‘Old’ and the ‘New Order.’” Australian Outlook 21 (April 1967): 18-43.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Sukarno’s Fall.” Orbis 11 (Summer 1967): 491-531.

Van der Kroef, Justus. “Sukarno, the Ideologue.” Pacific Affairs 41, no. 2 (Summer 1968): 245-249.

Van der Kroef, Justus. Indonesia After Sukarno. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1971.

Vittachi, Tarzie. The Fall of Sukarno. New York: Praeger, 1967.

Wardaya, Baskara T. Bung Karno Menggugat! Dari Marhaen, CIA, Pembantaian Massal ’65 hingga G30S. Yogyakarta: Galangpress, 2006.

Wardaya, Baskara T. Membongkar Supersemar! Dari CIA hingga Kudeta Merangkak Melawan Bung Karno. Yogyakarta: Galangpress, 2007.

Wardaya, Baskara T., ed. Suara di Balik Prahara: Berbagi Narasi Tentang Tragedi 65. Yogyakarta: Galang Press ; Jakarta: Buku Kita, 2011.  

Wertheim, W.F. et al. Tien Jaar Onrecht in Indonesië: Militaire Dictatuur en Internationale Steun. Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1976.

Wieringa, Saskia. “The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism.” Journal of Women’s History 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 70-91.

Wikipedia Encyclopedia. “Supersemar”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersemar This is an excellent entry, carefullly written and helpfully illustrated.

Ahmad, Rofiqul-Umam. Rafiuddin Munis Tamar. Mohamad Zamroni: Tokoh Kunci Angkatan ’66. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2006.

Anshori, Aan. “Kemenangan Faksi Militan; Jejak Kelam Elit Nadhlatul Ulama akhir September-October 1965.” Jurnal Khazanah: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora 14, no, 1 (June 2017): 1-25.

Anwar, Rosihan. Peranan Intelligentsia Militer dan Pendidikan dalam Proses Modernisasi. Djakarta: Media Raya, 1966.

Anwar, Rosihan. Hubungan Sipil-Militer diberbagai Negeri. Jakarta: Study Group “Mahasiswa Tjempaka Putih,” 1967.

Batubara, Cosmos. Sebuah Otobiografi Politik. Jakarta: Kompas, 2007.

Dhakidae, Daniel. Cendekiawan dan Kekuasaan dalam Negara Orde Baru. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2003.

Glassburner, Bruce. “Political Economy and the Suharto Regime.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 14, no. 3 (November 1978): 24-51.

Leksana, Grace. “Collaboration in Mass Violence: The Case of the Indonesian Anti-Leftist Mass Killings in 1965-66 in East Java.” Journal of Genocide Research 23, no. 1 (2021): 58-80.

Malik, Adam. “Promise in Indonesia.” Foreign Affairs 46, no. 2 (January 1968): 292-303.

Malik, Adam. Mengabdi Republik. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1978. English translation: In the Service of the Republic. Singapore: Gunung Agung, 1980.

Mandan, Arief Mudatsir, ed. Subchan Z.E. Sang Maestro: Politisi Intelektual dari Kalangan NU Modern. Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2001.

Noer, Deliar. Mohammad Hatta: Biografi Politik. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1990: 604-650.

Pandoe, H. Marthias Dusky. A Nan Takana (Apa yang Teringat): Memoar Seorang Wartawan. Jakarta: Kompas, 2001. Pandoe was an anti-communist journalist who co-founded the newspaper, Aman Makmur, in Padang in 1963. He describes his collaboration with army officers in running the paper and attacking the PKI after October 1965 (pp. 133-155). He mentions attending the 10th conference of the World Anti-Communist League in Tapei in 1977 where his fellow delegate from Indonesia, Muhammad Roem, recounted the killing of “hundreds of thousands, if not millions of communists” as a matter of pride (p. 225).

Pauker, Guy. “Indonesia: The Age of Reason?” Asian Survey 16, no. 12 (December 1976): 1197-1201.

Prawiro, Loka Manya. Radius Prawiro Diantara Para Tokoh. Yogyakarta: Andi, 2006.

Ransom, David. “The Berkeley Mafia and the Indonesian Massacres.” Ramparts, October 9, 1970.

Ransom, David. “Ford Country: Building an Elite for Indonesia.” In The Trojan Horse: A Radical Look at Foreign Aid, edited by Steve Weissman. Palo Alto: Ramparts Press, 1975.

Seda, Frans. Simfoni tanpa Henti: Ekonomi Politik Masyarakat Baru Indonesia. Jakarta: Atma Jaya and Gramedia, 1992.

Simpson, Brad. Economists with Guns. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Soedarmanta, J. B. Mempertahankan Cita-Cita, Menjaga Spirit dan Perjuangan: Refleksi 80 Tahun Harry Tjan Silalahi. Obor, 2014.

Suherman, Endang, Marmi Panti Hidayah, Iskandar Helmi and Haris Fadillah. 60 Hari Yang Mengguncang Dunia: Peristiwa G30S/PKI: Mahasiswa Melawan Kiri. Jakarta: Dewan Pakar DPP Laskar Ampera, Arief Rachman Hakim Angkatan ’66, 2016.

Thee Kian Wie, ed. Recollections: The Indonesian Economy, 1950s-1990s. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003. Translated into Indonesian as: Pekaku Berkisah: Ekonomi Indonesia 1950-an sampai 1990-an. Jakarta: Kompas, 2005.

Winters, Jeffrey. Power in Motion: Capital Mobility and the Indonesian State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Bunnell, Frederick. “The Central Intelligence Agency. Deputy Directorate for Plans 1961 Secret Memorandum on Indonesia: A Study in the Politics of Policy Formulation in the Kennedy Administration.” Indonesia, no. 22 (October 1976): 131-169.

Bunnell, Frederick. “American ‘Low Posture’ Policy Toward Indonesia in the Months Leading up to the 1965 ‘Coup.’” Indonesia, no. 50 (October 1990): 29-60.

Chomsky, Noam. “Indonesia, Master Card in Washington’s Hand.” Indonesia, no. 66 (October 1998): 1-6.

Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968. Vol. 26, Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore, Philippines. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001. Available online: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/

Easter, David. “‘Keep the Indonesian Pot Boiling’: Western Covert Intervention in Indonesia, October 1965—March 1966.” Cold War History 5, no. 1 (February 2005): 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468274042000283144.

Gardner, Paul. Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years of U.S.-Indonesian Relations. Boulder: Westview, 1997.

Green, Marshall. Indonesia: Crisis and Transformation, 1965-67. Washington: Compass Press, 1990.

Hilsman, Roger. To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. New York: Delta, 1967.

Horton, William Bradley. “Guy Pauker and US-Indonesia Relationships of the 1950s-1970s.” Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 29 (October 2017): 85-104.

Jones, Howard. Indonesia: The Possible Dream. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

Kahin, George, and Audrey Kahin. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: New Press, 1995.

Lashman, Paul, and James Oliver. “How We Lied to Put a Killer in Power.” Independent, April 16, 2000.

Maxwell, Neville. “CIA Involvement in the 1965 Military Coup.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no. 2 (1979): 251-252.

Mehr, Nathaniel and Carmel Budiardjo. Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The United States, Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 195-66. Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 2009.

Reston, James. “A Gleam of Light in Asia.” New York Times, June 19, 1966.

Robinson, Geoffrey. Kudeta Angkatan Darat: Peran Amerika Membangun Rejim Suharto [The Army Coup: America’s Role in Creating the Suharto Regime.] Jakarta: Teplok Press, 2000.

Scott, Peter Dale. “Exporting Military-Economic Development: America and the Overthrow of Sukarno.” In Ten Years’ Military Terror in Indonesia, edited by Malcolm Caldwell. Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation for Spokesman Books, 1975.

Scott, Peter Dale. Peran CIA Dalam Penggulingan Sukarno. Yogyakarta: Med Press, 2007.

Setiyawan, Dahlia Gratia. The Cold War in the City of Heroes: U.S.-Indonesian Relations and Anti-Communist Operations in Surabaya, 1963-65. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles, 2014.

Simpson, Brad. Economists with Guns. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Simpson, Brad. “Human Rights are Like Coca Cola: Contested Human Rights Discourses in Suharto’s Indonesia, 1968-1989.” In The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s, edited by Jan Eckel and Samuel Moyn, 186-203. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Simpson, Brad. “U.S. Embassy Tracked Indonesia Mass Murder 1965.” National Security Archive. 17 October, 2017. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/indonesia/2017-10-17/indonesia-mass-murder-1965-us-embassy-files. This is a compilation of declassified NSA documents, compiled by Brad Simpson.

Tovar, Hugh. “The Indonesian Crisis of 1965-1967: A Retrospective.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 7 (Fall 1994).

Zhou, Taomo. Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia, and the Cold War. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Aveling, Harry. “Indonesian Writers and the Left, Before 1965.” RIMA 4, nos. 1-2 (January-June 1970).

Foulcher, Keith. “The Manifesto is Not Dead”: Indonesian Literary Politics Thirty Years On. Clayton, Vic., Australia : Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1994. 22 p.

George, Ken. “Some Things That Have Happened to The Sun After September 1965: Politics and the Interpretation of an Indonesian Painting.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 39, no. 4 (1997): 599-634.

Goodfellow, Rob. “Api Dalam Sekam: The New Order and the Ideology of Anti-Communism.” Monash University, Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Working Paper 95, 1995.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Sweet Potato Dreaming: Development, Displacement and Food Crisis in South Blitar, East Java, 1968.” Global Food History 1 (2015), 81-102.

Herlambang, Wijaya. Kekerasan Budaya Pasca 1965: Bagaimana Orde Baru Melegitimasi Anti-Komunisme Melalui Sastra dan Film. Tangerang: Marjin Kiri, 2013.

Hill, David T. “The Two Leading Institutions: Taman Ismail Marzuki and Horison.” In Culture and Society in New Order IndonesiaI, edited by V.M. Hooker. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993: 245-262.

Ismail, Taufiq. Matine Gusti Allah: Riwayat Palu Arit Sedunia Menajiskan Tuhan dan Agama: Asal Mula Marx-Lenin Menanam Benih Anti-Tuhan, Anti-Agama, dan Laporan (1945-2015) dari Uni Sovyet, Hongaria, Yugoslavia, Cekoslowakia, Polandia, Tiongkok, Kamboja, Indonesia. Jagakarsa, Jakarta: Mahaka Publishing, 2015.

Jassin, H.B. Angkatan ’66: Prosa dan Puisi. 2 vols. Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1980. First published 1968.

Kayam, Umar. Seribu Kunang2 di Manhattan: Enam Tjerita Pendek. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1972.

Kayam, Umar. Sri Sumarah dan Bawuk. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1975. Translated into English by Harry Aveling: Sri Sumarah and Other Stories. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann, 1980.

Kayam, Umar. Semangat Indonesia: Suatu Perjalanan Budaya. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1985.

Kayam, Umar. Mangan Ora Mangan Kumpul. Jakarta: Grafiti, 1991.

Kayam, Umar. Titipan Umar Kayam: Sekumpulan Kolom di Majalah Tempo. Jakarta: Tempo, 2002.

Lubis, Mochtar. We Indonesians. Trans. Florence Lamoureux. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Southeast Asian Studies, 1979.

Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih. Manusia Ulang-Alik: Biografi Umar Kayam. Jogyakarta: Eja, 2007.

Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan MPRS Republik Indonesia No: XXV/MPRS/1966 tentang Pembubaran Partai Komunis Indonesia, Pernjataan Sebagai Organisasi Terlarang Diseluruh Wilajah Republik Indonesia bagi Partai Komunis Indonesia dan Larangan Setiap Kegiatan Untuk Menjebarkan Paham atau Adjaran Komunis/Marxisme-Leninisme. July 5, 1966.

Moeljanto, D.S. and Ismail, Taufiq, eds. Prahaya Budaya: Kilas-balik Ofensif Lekra/PKI. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.

Moertopo, Ali. Himpunan Pidato Menteri Penerangan RI 1978-1982: Peningkatan Penerangan yang Berwibawa. Departemen Penerangan, 1983.

Ratih, Gusti Agung Ayu. “Soeharto’s New Order State: Imposed Illusions, Invented Legitimations.” Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Spring 1997.

Rosidi, Ajip. “Manifes Kebudayaan dan KKPI.” Horison (January 1987 and February 1987); “Masa Lalu Sebagai Sejarah” (August 1987).

Rosidi, Ajip. Hidup Tanpa Ijazah: Yang Terekam dalam Kenangan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2008.

Sen, Krishna. Indonesian Cinema: Framing the New Order. London: Zed Press, 1994.

Soekito, Wiratmo. “Catatan mengenai Manifes Kebudayaan.” In Tifa Budaya, edited by Kasijanto and S.D. Damono. Jakarta: Leppenas, 1981.

Soekito, Wiratmo. “Satyagraha Hoerip atau Apologi pro vita Lekra.” Horison 11 (1982): 345-349.

Soekito, Wiratmo. Kesusastraan dan Kekuasaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Arus, 1984.

Suryajaya, Martin. “Goenawan Mohamad dan Politik Kebudayaan Liberal Pasca 1965.” IndoProgress.com. 4 December 2013. https://indoprogress.com/2013/12/goenawan-mohamad-dan-politik-kebudayaan-liberal-pasca-1965/.

Vann, Michael G. “Tropical Cold War Horror: Penumpasan Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI and the Traumatized Culture of Suharto’s New Order.” In The Cold War and Asian Cinemas, edited by Poshek Fu and Man-Fung Yip. New York: Routledge, 2019.  

Wieringa, Saskia E. “Sexual Metaphors in the Change from Sukarno’s Old Order to Suharto’s New Order in Indonesia.” Working Paper Series No. 233, Institute of Social Studies. November 1996.

Ajidarma, Seno Gumira. Kalatidha. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2006.

Aveling, Harry. Editor and translator. Gestapu: Indonesian Short Stories on the Abortive Communist Coup of 30th September 1965. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Southeast Asian Working Paper no. 6. 1975

Februana, Ngarto. Tapol. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, 2002.

Mardzoeki, Faiza. Nyanyi Sunyi Kembang-Kembang Genjer: Sebuah Drama. Ultimus, 2016.

Marga T. Kuraih…Namun Tak Terjangkau. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2000.

Massardi, Noorca M. September. Solo: Tiga Serangkai, 2006.

Massardi, Yudhistira ANM. Mencoba Tidak Menyerah. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Benteng Budaya, 1996; originally published: Jakarta: Gramedia, 1979.

Pamuntjak, Laksmi. Amba. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2012.

Pertiwi, Dhianita Kusuma. Buku Harian Keluarga Kiri. Indie Book Corner, 2016.

Rosidi, Ajip. Anak Tanah Air. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1985. Republished in 2008.

Sarpote, Yab. Anatomi Sunyi. Ultimus, 2022.

Scott, Peter Dale. Coming to Jakarta: A Poem about Terror. New Directions, 1989.

Swan, May. Hidayat. Ultimus, 2010.

Swan, May. Montmatre in Bondowoso. Ultimus, 2010.

Tohari, Ahmad. Kubah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.

Tohari, Ahmad. Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1982. Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1985. Jantera Bianglala. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1986. These three books form a trilogy about how a village in Central Java was transformed by the violence of 1965-66. All three books have been translated into English and published as a single volume: The Dancer. Trans. René Lysloff. Jakarta: Lontar Foundation, 2003. A short excerpt of this translation appears as: “The Village Dancer.” Trans. René Lysloff. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 13-23.

Utami, Ayu. Larung. Jakarta: KPG, 2001.

Vickers, Adrian. “Ubud festival affair reflects New Order mindset.”Asian Studies Association of Australia. 8 November 2015. https://asaa.asn.au/ubud-festival-affair-reflects-new-order-mindset/.

Wahyu H.R. Dongeng Hitam. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kaldron, 2013.

Wieringa, Saskia. Lubang Buaya. Translated from Dutch by T. Utomo. Jakarta: Metafor, 2003.

A Daughter’s Memory. Animation. Directed by Kartika Pratiwi, produced by Kitak Hitam Forum. 2019. A short animation film about one victim, Svetlana Dayani Njoto’s, personal recollections of 1965.

Alfarius, Willy. “Sanggar Bumi Tarung, Tak Pernah Henti Bertarung!” Medium. 19 December 2023. https://medium.com/@alfariusarema/sanggar-bumi-tarung-tak-pernah-henti-bertarung-d75d81f9e857.

Alfarius, Willy. “Menonton Eksil, Menyaksikan Utang Sejarah yang Tak Kunjung Dilunasi.” Medium. 5 February 2024. https://medium.com/@alfariusarema/menonton-eksil-menyaksikan-utang-sejarah-yang-tak-kunjung-dilunasi-7e97bc47a705.

Apinino, Rio. “Catatan Sejarawan Soal Pembuatan Ulang Film G30S/PKI.” Tirto. 20 September 2017. https://tirto.id/catatan-sejarawan-soal-pembuatan-ulang-film-g30s-pki-cwWj#google_vignette.

Dialita. Choir women’s ensemble of 1965 survivors. Aside from performances, they have released an album titled Dialita: Dunia Milik Kita. See https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/12/18/dialita-choir-a-celebration-of-hope.html ; https://gwangjunewsgic.com/features/profile/the-dialita-choir/b . Listen to their full album here on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XYaR8gXc6A&ab_channel=WENEEDMOREMUSIC . Full album is also available on Spotify.

Dirgantoro, Wulan. “Aesthetics of Silence: Exploring Trauma and Indonesian Paintings After 1965.” In Ambitious Alignments: New Histories of Southeast Asian Art After 1965, edited by Stephen K. Whiteman, Sarena Abdullah, Yvonne Low, and Phoebe Scott, 199-224. Power Publications Incorporated (FL), 2018.

Dirgantoro, Wulan. “From silence to speech: witnessing and trauma of the anti-communist mass killings in Indonesian contemporary art.” World Art 10, nos. 2-3 (2020): 301-322.

Dirgantoro, Wulan. “After 1965: Historical Violence and Strategies of Representation in Indonesian Visual Arts.” In Living Art: Indonesian Artists Engage Politics, Society and History, edited by Elly Kent, Virginia Hooker, and Caroline Turner, 273-293. ANU Press, 2022.

Dirgantoro, Wulan, and Barbara Hatley. “Memory on stage: Affect, gender and the performative in 1965-66 survivor testimonies.” In Gender, Violence,and Power in Indonesia, edited by Katharine McGregor, Ana Dragojlovic, and Hannah Loney, 101-118. Routledge, 2020.

Eksil (The Exiles). Documentary. Directed by Lola Amaria. Produced by Lola Amaria. Lola Amaria Production, 2022.

Estrelita, Gloria Truly. “Survivor’s Stories: Memory of the 1965 Indonesian Tragedy in the Virtual Space.” Politika. 27 July 2022. https://www.politika.io/en/article/survivors-stories-memory-of-the-1965-indonesian-tragedy-in-the-virtual-space.

Hearman, Vannessa. “Capturing the Reverberations of the 1965-66 Killings in the Balinese Landscape: The Artistic Work of Leyla Stevens.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 137-152.

Ingat 65. Digital storytelling movement to educate youth about 1965. https://medium.com/ingat-65  Listen to podcasts here: https://soundcloud.com/ingat65.

Leksana, Grace. “A Daughter’s Memory: 1965 in Animation.” Archipel 99 (June 2020): 41-45.

Lentera Merah. Film by Hanung Bramantyo. Indonesia. Released 2006. A horror film about a female student murdered in 1965 coming back as a ghost to haunt the children of her murderers.

Leong, Kar-Yen. “The Perpetrator’s Allegory: Historical Memories and the Killings of 1965.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 31-48.

Menyemai Terang dalam Kelam. Documentary. Directed by I.G.P. Wiranegara. Released as a DVD by Lembaga Kreatifitas Kemunusiaan, Jakarta, not dated, c. 2006.

Missing. Artwork installation by Dadang Christanto, 2018. Imagined portraits of 1965 victims in acrylics and charcoal mediums. Dadang lost his father to 1965 massacres and created a lifetime of artworks in dialogue with this pain. See https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2018/10/09/dadang-christanto-art-missing‍.

Nyanyi Sunyi Kembang Kembang Genjer. Drama script about women’s memories of 1965. By Faiza Mardzoeki. Published by Ultimus, 2016.

Pertiwi, Dhianita Kusuma. “Mereka yang Disayat-Sayat.” Islam Bergerak. 2 October 2017. https://islambergerak.com/2017/10/mereka-yang-disayat-sayat/.

Pulau Buru: Tanah Air Beta. Documentary. Directed by Rahung Nasution. Produced by Whisnu Yonar and Dolorosa Sinaga. Beranda Rakyat, 2016.

Purbaya, Rangga. Photographer. Projects exploring 1965 include Stories Left Untold, Investigating Boentardjo, Letter To The Lost One, and Landscape Of Deception. Purbaya’s grandfather was disappeared in the 1965-66 massacres. See: https://www.helunliang.com/post/rangga-purbaya ; https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/fighting-impunity-through-family-stories-photography-indonesias-1965-killings‍.

Purnamasari, Dinda. “77 Persen Milenial Setuju Ada Film G30S/PKI Versi Baru.” Tirto. 30 September 2017. https://tirto.id/77-persen-milenial-setuju-ada-film-g30s-pki-versi-baru-cxwU.

Sang Penari. Directed by Ifa Isfansyah. Jakarta: Salto Films, 2011.

Sears, Laurie J. “Reading Ayu Utami: Notes toward a Study of Trauma and the Archive in Indonesia.” Indonesia 83 (April 2007): 17-39.

Sekeping Kenangan (A Fragment of Memory). Film by Komunitas Taman 65 Bali, released in 2018. This amateur film follows the recording of an album of prison songs by former political prisoners at Pekambingan penitentiary, Denpasar, Bali. The album is called “Prison Songs: Nyanian yang Dibungkam.” Victims’ memories and songs were also published in a book and music CD, Prison Songs, in 2015. See https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/24/balis-youths-in-search-of-1965-history.html and https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/10/08/can-prison-songs-help-heal-wounds-indonesias-1965-massacre‍

Terlena: Breaking of a Nation. Documentary. Directed by Andre Vltchek. Released by Millache Productions, 2004. 

Wieringa, Saskia E. “The Women and the Generals: Unraveling a Myth of Sexual Perversion.” Archipel 99 (June 2020): 23-27.

Adam, Asvi Warman. Pelurusan Sejarah Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Tride, 2004.

Alfarius, Willy. “Perspektif Usang pada Sejarah Nasional Indonesia yang Baru.” IndoProgress.com. 18 August 2025. https://indoprogress.com/2025/08/perspektif-usang-pada-sejarah-nasional/.

Anderson, Benedict. “Impunity and Reenactment: Reflections on the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia and its Legacy.” The Asia Pacific Journal 11, no. 4 (April 2013).

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. “Bung Karno and the Fossilization of Soekarno’s Thought.” Indonesia, no. 74 (October 2002): 1–20.

Brooks, Karen. “The Rustle of Ghosts: Bung Karno in the New Order.” Indonesia, no. 60 (October 1995): 61-99.

Budiawan. “When Memory Challenges History: Public Contestation of the Past on Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 28, no. 2 (2000): 35-57.

Budiawan. Mematahkan Pewarisan Ingatan: Wacana Anti-Komunis dan Politik Rekonsiliasi Pasca-Soeharto. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004. This book is the Indonesian translation of the author’s doctoral dissertation at the National University of Singapore: “Breaking the Immortalized Past: Anti-Communist Discourse and Reconciliatory Politics in Post-Soeharto Indonesia,” (2003).

Conroe, Andrew Marc. “Generating History: Violence and the Risks of Remembering for Families of Former Political Prisoners in Post-New Order Indonesia.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2012.

Djakababa, Yosef. “Narasi Resmi dan Alternatif Mengenai Tragedi ‘65.” In Luka Bangsa Luka KIta: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya, 361-69. Galang Press, 2014.

Djakababa, Yosef. “Akses ke Museum dan Arsip TNI adalah Hak Publik.” Tirto. 23 February 2018. https://tirto.id/akses-ke-museum-dan-arsip-tni-adalah-hak-publik-cE8K.

Drexler, Elizabeth F. Infrastructures of Impunity: New Order Violence in Indonesia. Cornell University Press, 2023.

Dwyer, Leslie. “The Intimacy of Terror: Gender and the Violence of 1965-66 in Bali.” Intersections, no. 10 (August 2004). http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue10/dwyer.html.

Dwyer, Leslie. “Speaking from the Shadows: Memory and Mass Violence in Bali.” In After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities, edited by Albrecht Schnabel, Beatrice Pouligny and Simon Chesterman, 190-214. United Nations University Press, 2006.

Dwyer, Leslie. “A Politics of Silences: Violence, Memory and Treacherous Speech in Post-1965 Bali.” In Genocide: Truth, Memory and Representation, edited by Alexander Laban Hinton and Kevin Lewis O’Neill, 113-146. Duke University Press, 2009.

Eickhoff, Martijn, Donny Danardono, Tjahjono Rahardjo & Hotmauli Sidabalok. “The Memory Landscapes of ‘1965’ in Semarang.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4(2017): 530-550.

Esti, Klara. “1965 dan Hoax Dalam Pelajaran Sejarah Kita.” Medium. 8 February 2018. https://medium.com/ingat-65/1965-dan-hoax-dalam-pelajaran-sejarah-kita-8a0a8b502c99.

Estrelita, Gloria Truly. “Beyond Leftist-Phobia: Political Prejudice and Stigma in Indonesia.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Political Norms in Southeast Asia, edited by Gabriel Facal, Elsa Lafaye de Micheaux, and Astrid Norén-Nilsson, 248-258. Palgrave Macmillan, 2024.

Estrelita, Gloria Truly. “Catholics and Communism in Indonesia: Religious Alliances and Conflicts in the Shaping of National Identity.” IRASEC’s Discussion Papers, no. 20 (January 2025)

Fox, James J. “The Memories of Village Santri from Jombang in East Java” (with Pradjarto Dirjosanjoto). In Observing Change in Asia: Essays in Honor of J.A.C. Mackie, edited by R. J. May and W.J. O’Malley. Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1989.

Hadiz, Vedi R. “Retrieving the past for the future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 28, no. 2 (2000): 11–34.

Hadiz, Vedi. “The Left and Indonesia’s 1960s: The Politics of Remembering and Forgetting.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 7, no. 4 (2006): 554-569.

Hearman, Vanessa. “Under Duress: Suppressing and recovering memories of the Indonesian Sixties.” Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South 1, no. 1 (2013): 5-25.

Heryanto, Ariel. “Where Communism Never Dies: Violence, Trauma and Narration in the Last Cold War Capitalist Authoritarian State.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (1999): 147-177.

Heryanto, Ariel. State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging. Routledge, 2006.

Heryanto, Ariel. “Screening the 1965 Violence.” In Killing Images: Documentary Film, Memory and the Performance of Violence, edited by Joram ten Brink and Joshua Oppenheimer, 224-240. Columbia University Press, 2012.

Heryanto, Ariel. Identity and Pleasure: The Politics of Indonesian Screen Culture. NUS Press, 2014.

Heryanto, Ariel. “Heroism and the Pleasure and Pain of Mistranslation; The Case of the Act of Killing.” In Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture, edited by Barbara Korte, Simon Wendt, and Nicole Falkenhayner, 167-188. Routledge, 2019.

Hoadley, Anna-Gretta Nilsson. Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy: The Aftermath of 1965-66. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2005.

Kasemin, Kasiyanto. Mendamaikan Sejarah: Analisis Wacana Pencabutan TAP MPRS/XXV/1966. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2004.

Keller, Anett. Indonesien 1965ff.: Die Gegenwart eines Massenmordes. Ein Politische Lesebuch. Regiospectra, 2015.

Kok, Jean van de, Robert Cribb, and M. Heins. “1965 and All That: History in the Politics of the New Order.” RIMA (Summer 1991).

Kuddus, R. “The Ghosts of 1965. Politics and Memory in Indonesia.” New Left Review 104 (2017): 45-92.

Kurniawati, Asti. “Gunung Kidul 1965-an: Kontestasi Penguasa Partai dan Politik Ingatan Rakyat.” In Ingat(!)an: Hikmat Indonesia Masa Kini, Hikmah Masa Lalu Rakyat, edited by Budi Susanto. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2005.

Kusumabrata, Alvino. “Berhadapan dengan Roh Komunisme.” Geotimes. 30 September 2021. https://geotimes.id/opini/berhadapan-dengan-roh-komunisme/.

Leksana, Grace. “Embedded Remembering: Memory culture of the 1954 violence in rural East Java.” Doctoral Thesis, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, Leiden University (2020).

Leong, Kar-Yen. “Filling in the Gaps: Remembering the 1965 Killings in Indonesia.” Kritika Kultura 33/34 (2019/2020): 729-760.

Leong, Kar-Yen. “Invisible Threads Linking Phantasmal Landscapes in Java: Haunted Places and Memory in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia.” Memory Studies 16, no. 2 (February 2021): 296-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698021995968.

Leong, Kar-Yen. “Straightening History: Political Prisoners and Human Rights in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 15, no. 1 (June 2021): 25-43.

Madung, Otto Gusti, and John Mansford Prior, eds. Berani Berhenti Berbohong: 50 Tahun Pascaperistiwa 1965-1966. Penerbit Ledalero, 2015.

Malahayati, Binar Mentari. “Mengingat Genosida ‘65: Remembering the Anti-Communist Genocide of Orde Baru Indonesia.” Master’s thesis, Geneva Graduate Institute, 2024.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Commemoration of 1 October, ‘Hari Kesaktian Pancasila’: A Post Mortem Analysis?” Asian Studies Review 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 39-72.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Representing the Indonesian Past: The National Monument History Museum from Guided Democracy to the New Order.” Indonesia, no. 75 (April 2003): 91-122.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Nugroho Notosusanto : the legacy of a historian in the service of an authoritarian regime.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, edited by Mary Zurbachen. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

McGregor, Katharine E. History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia's Past. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2007.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Cold War Scripts: Comparing Remembrance of the Malayan Emergency and the 1965 violence in Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24, no. 2 (2016): 242-260.

McGregor, Katharine E. "Memory studies and human rights in Indonesia." In Ways of Knowing about Human Rights in Asia, 1st ed., edited by Vera Mackie, 58-69. Routledge, 2016.

McGregor, Katharine E. “Exposing Impunity: Memory and Human Rights Activism in Indonesia and Argentina.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 551-573.

McGregor, Katherine. “A Bridge and a Barrier: Islam, Reconciliation, and the 1965 Killings in Indonesia.” In Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace, edited by Birgit Bräuchler, 214-232. Routledge, 2009.

McGregor, Katherine. “Mass Graves and Memories of the 1965 Indonesian Killings.” In The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-68, edited by Douglas Kammen and Katherine McGregor, 234-262. National University of Singapore Press, 2012.

Murtadho, Roy. “Mengoreksi Cara Berpikir Kaum Orbais Melihat Komunis.” Islam Bergerak. 3 April 2015. https://islambergerak.com/2015/04/mengoreksi-cara-berpikir-kaum-orbais-melihat-komunis/.

Oppenheimer, Joshua, and Michael Uwemedimo. “Show of Force: A Cinema-Séance of Power and Violence in Sumatra’s Plantation Belt.” Critical Quarterly 51, no. 1 (2009): 84-110.

Parahita, Gilang Desti, and Vissia Ita Yulianto. “The Treachery on YouTube: The Politics of Memory on New Media in Indonesia.” Archipel 99 (June 2020): 47-73.

Patra, Haldi, Anatona Anatona, and Yenny Narny. “The ex-PKI Political Prisoners Motive to Produce the Memories of 1965/66 Mass Violence in West Sumatra.” Jurnal Socius: Journal of Sociology Research and Education 8, no. 2 (2021): 125-135.

Pertiwi, Dhianita Kusuma. “Bagaimana Menjelaskan Pelanggaran HAM 1965-66 kepada Anak-anak?” Medium. 4 February 2023. https://dhiandharti.medium.com/bagaimana-menjelaskan-pelanggaran-ham-1965-66-kepada-anak-anak-3a3498145387.

Pohlman, Annie. “Telling Stories about Torture in Indonesia: Managing Risk in a Culture of Impunity.” Oral History Forum 33 (2014), Special Issue “Confronting Mass Atrocities.” http://www.oralhistoryforum.ca/index.php/ohf/article/view/529.

Pohlman, Annie. “No Place to Remember: Haunting and the Search for Mass Graves in Indonesia.” In Places of Traumatic Memory: A Global Context, edited by Amy L. Hubbell, Natsuko Akagawa, Sol Rojas-Lizana and Annie Pohlman, 61-88. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2020.

Pratama, Stephen. “Teachers’ Narratives about the Possibility to Teach Controversial History of the 1965 Affair in Indonesia.” Indonesia, no. 116 (October 2023): 117-135.

Purba, Dian. “Luka yang Tak Terwakili dalam Narasi Negara.” IndoProgress.com. 20 June 2025. https://indoprogress.com/2025/06/luka-yang-tak-terwakili-dalam-narasi-negara/.

Roosa, John. "The Truths of Torture: Victims' Memories and State Histories in Indonesia." Indonesia, no. 85 (2008): 31-49.  

Roosa, John. “Who Knows? Oral History Methods in the Study of the Massacres of 1965-66 in Indonesia.” Oral History Forum d’histoire orale  33 (2013), Special Issue “Confronting Mass Atrocities.”

Roosa, John. “Interview with Joshua Oppenheimer.” Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice 18, no. 3 (2014): 413-422.

Santikarma, Degung. “Monument, document, and mass grave : the politics of representing violence in Bali.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, edited by Mary Zurbachen. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.

Santoso, Aboeprijadi and Gerry van Klinken. “Genocide Finally Enters Public Discourse: The International People’s Tribunal 1965.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 594-608.

Sasono, Eric. “Luka dan hantu dalam tiga babak.” Medium. 21 September 2016. https://medium.com/ingat-65/luka-dan-hantu-dalam-tiga-babak-d19622341e4b

Schulte Nordholt, H. (2004). “De-colonising Indonesian historiography”; paper delivered at the Centre for Eastand South-East Asian Studies public lecture series "Focus Asia", 25-27 May, 2004. (Working papers incontemporary Asian studies; No. 6). Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University.http://www.ace.lu.se/publications/workingpapers/nordholt.pdf.

Setiawan, Hersri. Kamus Gestok. Galang Press, 2003.

Setiawan, Ken. “Between Law, Politics and Memory: The Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas Ham) and Justice for Past Human Rights Crimes (August 28, 2018).” Australian Journal of Asian Law 19, no. 1 (2018), article 8.

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Komnas HAM. National Symposium in _______. “Dissecting the Tragedy of 1965: A Historical Approach.” April 18-19, 2016. This symposium was criticized by victims for focusing heavily on reconciliation instead of on justice, reparations or fact-finding.

Lamasitudju, Nurlaela A. K. “Rekonsiliasi dan Pernyataan Maaf Pak Wali Kota.” In Luka Bangsa Luka Kita: Pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu dan Tawaran Rekonsiliasi, edited by Baskara T. Wardaya. Galang Press, 2014.

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McGregor, Katharine. “Half a century on, victims’ voices still haunt a democratic Indonesia.” The Conversation. 11 April 2014. https://theconversation.com/half-a-century-on-victims-voices-haunt-a-democratic-indonesia-24892 .

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Remembering 1965 across generations.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 30 September 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/remembering-1965-across-generations/.

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Memories of violence: Forbidden, not forgotten.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 28 October 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/memories-of-violence-forbidden-not-forgotten/.

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Shining a Light on Police Complicity in 1965.” New Mandala. 2 November 2015. https://www.newmandala.org/shining-a-light-on-police-complicity-in-1965/.

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Indonesia on trial: Rights activists face backlash.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 18 December 2015. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/international-peoples-tribunal-activists-face-backlash/.

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “Indonesia takes a small but critical step towards reconciliation.” Indonesia at Melbourne. 26 April 2016. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/indonesia-takes-a-small-but-critical-step-toward-reconciliation/.

McGregor, Katharine and Jemma Purdey. “The IPT 1965 is a historic moral intervention. Will it finally lead to action?” Indonesia at Melbourne. 29 July 2016. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/the-ipt-1965-is-a-historic-moral-intervention-will-it-finally-lead-to-action/.

Olliver, Chloe. “Reconciling NU and the PKI.” Inside Indonesia. 26 July 2007. https://www.insideindonesia.org/archive/articles/reconciling-nu-and-the-pki.

Pamuntjak, Laksmi. “Censorship Is Returning to Indonesia in the Name of the 1965 Purges.” Guardian. 27 October 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2015/oct/27/censorship-is-returning-to-indonesia-in-the-name-of-the-1965-purges.

Pohlman, Annie E. "A Year of Truth and the Possibilities for Reconciliation in Indonesia." Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 60-78.

Purdey, Jemma. “The 1965-66 Mass Killings in Indonesia: Recent Developments Towards Historical Justice.” Australian Policy and History. September 2013. https://aph.org.au/2017/11/the-1965-66-mass-killings-in-indonesia-recent-developments-towards-historical-justice/# .

Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. 1999

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“Ringkasan Temuan dan Rekomendasi Sidang IPT 1965.” Tribunal 1965. 20 July 2016. https://www.tribunal1965.org/ringkasan-temuan-dan-rekomendasi-sidang-ipt-1965/.

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Setiawan, Ken. “Righting Impunity through Family Stories: Photography and Indonesia’s 1965 Killings.” International Institute for Asian Studies. Summer 2018. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/fighting-impunity-through-family-stories-photography-indonesias-1965-killings.

Setiawan, Ken. “The Omnipresent Past: Rethinking Transitional Justice through Digital Storytelling on Indonesia’s 1965 Violence.” In Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Lia Kent, Joanne Wallis, and Claire Cronin. Australia: ANU Press, 2019. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n6044/pdf/ch03.pdf.

Üngör, Uğur Ümit, and Nanci Adler. “Indonesia in the Global Context of Genocide and Transitional Justice.” Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 4 (2017): 609-617.

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Wahyuningroem, Ayu. “Working from the Margins: Initiatives for Truth and Reconciliation for Victims of the 1965 Mass Violence in Solo and Palu.” In The Indonesian Genocide of 1965, edited by Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, and Annie Pohlman, 335-356. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. “Seducing for Truth and Justice: Civil Society Initiatives for the 1965 Mass Violence in Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 1 December 2013. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/186810341303200306 .

Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari. “Towards Post-Transitional Justice: The Failures of Transitional Justice and the Roles of Civil Society in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 3, no. 1 (June 2019).

Wardaya, Baskara T. “Reconciliation without Politics?” Inside Indonesia ed. 122 (Oct-December 2015), 30 September 2015.

Wardaya, Manunggal Kusuma. “Keadilan bagi yang Berbeda Paham: Rekonsiliasi dan Keadilan bagi Korban Tragedi 1965.” Mimbar Hukum 22, no. 1 (February 2010): 96-113.

Wardaya, Manunggal Kusuma. “Prospek Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Berat Peristiwa 1965-1966 Paska Putusan International People’s Tribunal 1965.” Manunggal K. Wardaya. 11 November 2017. https://manunggalkusumawardaya.wordpress.com/2017/11/11/prospek-penyelesaian-pelanggaran-hak-asasi-manusia-berat-peristiwa-1965-1966-paska-putusan-international-peoples-tribunal-1965/.

Wardaya, Manunggal Kusuma. Merencah Silam: Prospek Penyelesaian Tragedi 1965. Semut Api, 2024.

Wieringa, Saskia E. “When a History Seminar Becomes Toxic.” Inside Indonesia 130 (Oct-Dec 2017). https://www.insideindonesia.org/when-a-history-seminar-becomes-toxic.

Wieringa, Saskia E., Jess Melvin and Annie Pohlman, eds. The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian Genocide. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

Abdullah, Saleh, ed. Usaha untuk Tetap Mengenang: Kisah-kisah Anak-anak Korban Peristiwa 65. Jakarta: Yappika, 2003.

Hearman, Vannessa. “The Uses of Memoirs and Oral History Works in Researching the 1965-1966 Political Violence in Indonesia.” International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 5, no. 2 (July 2009): 21-42.

Kolimon, Mery, Liliya Wetangterah, and Karen Campbell-Nelson, eds. Forbidden Memories: Women’s Experiences of 1965 in Eastern Indonesia. Translated by Jennifer Lindsay. Monash University, 2015.

Kurniawati, Asti. “Gunung Kidul 1965-an: Kontestasi Penguasa Partai dan Politik Ingatan Rakyat.” In Ingat(!)an: Hikmat Indonesia, Masa Kini, Hikmah Masa Lalu Rakyat, edited by Budi Susanto, 153-204. Yogyakarta: Lembaga Studi Realino and Penerbit Kanisius.

Leksana, Grace, et al. “Exploring Women’s Narratives on Conflict and Violent Histories.” ICSKSE 2022, ASSEHR 696 (2022): 70-77.

Ratih, I Gusti Agung Ayu. “Lingkar Tutur Perempuan: Women and the politics of memory in the aftermath of 1965 state violence.” In Proceeding of International Conference on Feminism: Intersecting Identities, Agency & Politics (20 Years Jurnal Perempuan), 538-573. Yayasan Jurnal Perempuan, 2016.

Roosa, John, Ayu Ratih and Hilmar Farid, eds. Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Pengalaman Korban ’65: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan. Jakarta: Elsam, 2004.

Sasongko, Haryo, ed. Menembus Tirai Asap: Kesaksian Tahanan Politik 1965. Jakarta: Lontar, 2003.

Siauw Tiong Djin, ed. Ureca Berperan dalam Pembangunan Bangsa. Perkumpulan Res Publica Indonesia, 2014.

Sukanta, Putu Oka, ed. Breaking the Silence: Survivors Speak about 1965-66 Violence in Indonesia. Translated by Jennifer Lindsay. Monash University Press, 2014.

Sukanta, Putu Oka. Cahaya Mata sang Pewaris: Kisah Nyata Anak- Cucu Korban Tragedi ‘65. Bandung: Ultimus, 2016.

Sumarwan, Antonius. Menyeberangi Sungai Air Mata: Kisah Tragis Tapol ’65 dan Upaya Rekonsiliasi. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2007.

Susanti, Fransisca Ria. Kembang-Kembang Genjer. Jakarta: Lembaga Sastra Pembebasan, 2006.

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Yayasan Tifa. Saatnya Korban Bicara: Menata Derap Merajut Langkah. Tifa, 2009.

International People’s Tribunal 1965. https://www.tribunal1965.org/.

Komunitas Taman 65. Melawan Lupa: Narasi2 Komunitas Taman 65. Taman 65 Press, 2012.

Murtadho, Roy. “Ancaman Fasisme, Pelurusan Sejarah dan Peran Penting Gerakan Kiri di Indonesia.” Islam Bergerak. 9 March 2016. https://islambergerak.com/2016/03/ancaman-fasisme-pelurusan-sejarah-dan-peran-penting-gerakan-kiri/.

Pohlman, Annie. “Reports by Human Rights and Victim Advocacy Organizations in Indonesia: Reconciling the Violence of 1965.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 32, no.3 (2013): 143–165.

Yayasan Penelitian Korban Pembunuhan 1965–66/Institute for Research into the Victims of the 1965–66 Killings. Founded in 1999 to collect information about the killings.

Fanggidaej, Francisca C. Memoar Perempuan Revolusioner. (Ditulis oleh Hersri Setiawan berdasarkan wawancara dengan Francisca Fanggidaej.) Galang, 2006.

Pulau Buru: Tanah Air Beta. Documentary. Directed by Rahung Nasution. Produced by Whisnu Yonar and Dolorosa Sinaga. Beranda Rakyat, 2016.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Dua Wajah dalam Satu Haribaan: Warna-warna Pendewasaan di Pulau Buru.” Prisma (Oktober 1979).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Keeping Your Head: Memoir of Detention in Prison.” Inside Indonesia (October 1984).

Setiawan, Hersri. “Art and Entertainment in New Order’s Jails.” Indonesia, no. 59 (April 1985): 1-20.

Setiawan, Hersri. Dunia yang Belum Sudah. Kockengen, 1993. 46 p. This pamphlet, privately published by the author, contains essays about life on Buru Island and exile literature.

Setiawan, Hersri. “Between the Bars.” Translated by Mary Zurbuchen. Manoa 12, no. 1 (2000): 25-34.

Setiawan, Hersri. Negara Madiun? Kesaksian Soemarsono, Pelaku Perjuangan. Forum Studi Perubahan dan Peradaban, 2002.

Setiawan, Hersri. Aku Ex-Tapol. Galang, 2003.

Setiawan, Hersri. Kamus Gestok. Galang Press, 2003.

Setiawan, Hersri. Memoar Pulau Buru. Indonesiatera, 2004.

Setiawan, Hersri. Diburu di Pulau Buru. Galang Press, 2006.

Setiawan, Hersri. Kidung untuk Korban: Dari Tutur Sepuluh Narasumber Eks-Tapol Sala. Pakorba Sala, 2006.

Setiawan, Hersri. Dari Dunia Dikepung Jangan dan Harus. Kunci Forum dan Kolektif Belajar dan Sekolah Mbrosot, 2021.

Heinschke, Martina. “Between Gelanggang and Lekra: Pramoedya’s Developing Literary Concepts.” Indonesia, no. 61 (April 1996): 145-169.

Kusumabrata, Alvino. “Joesoef Isak, Sosok di Balik Anak Rohani Pramoedya Ananta Toer.” Tirto. 7 February 2024. https://tirto.id/joesoef-isak-sosok-di-balik-anak-rohani-pramoedya-ananta-toer-gVlr.

Liu, Hong. “Pramoedya Ananta Toer and China: The Transformation of a Cultural Intellectual.” Indonesia, no. 61 (April 1996): 119-143.

Mrázek, Rudolf. “Only the Deaf Hear Well.” Indonesia, no. 61 (April 1996): 51-92.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. The ‘Buru tetralogy’ consists of four books all published by Hasta Mitra in Jakarta: Bumi Manusia (1980), Anak Semua Bangsa (1980), Jejak Langkah (1985) and Rumah Kaca (1988). These books have been translated into English by Max Lane and published in various editions by William Morrow and Penguin under the titles: This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and Glass House. They have been translated into many other languages besides. Hilmar Farid has written an article explaining how they were written on Buru and later published in Jakarta: “Tentang Kelahiran Bumi Manusia.” In Bonnie Triyana and Max Lane, eds. Liber Amicorum: 80 Tahun Joesoef Isak (Jakarta: ISAI, Komunitas Bambu, and Praxis, 2008): 65-85. For more information on Pramoedya see the website: http://www.radix.net/~bardsley/prampage.html‍ ‍

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Arus Balik. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra, 1995. This massive novel about Java in the 16th century was written on Buru island. It has been translated into Dutch by Henk Maier. One chapter has been translated into English and discussed by John Roosa: “The Port of Tuban.” Emergences 10, no. 2 (2000): 277-300.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu. 2 vols. These two volumes consist of his essays about life in the prison camps on Buru island 1969-79. Both volumes were privately published by Pramoedya using Lentera as the name of the publisher. The first volume was published in 1995 and the second in 1997. Selections from these two volumes have been translated into English by Willem Samuels (pseudonym) as: A Mute’s Soliloquy: A Memoir. (New York: Hyperion, 1999; and later editions by Penguin).

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Hoakiau di Indonesia. Garba Budaya, 1998.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta et al., eds. Kronik Revolusi Indonesia. 5 vols. KPG, 1999-2014.

Wibisana, Chris. “Bukan Indonesia Ini yang Saya Perjuangkan!” PepNews. 6 February 2021. https://pepnews.com/index.php/politik/p-e1612257768911c/bukan-indonesia-ini-yang-saya-perjuangkan.